Battle Between Good and Evil in Dr. Faustus :: Doctor Faustus Essays

Battle Between Good and Evil in Dr. Faustus          The story Dr. Faustus wreaks the constant battle between mature and diabolical. Every day, we be faced having to choose between the two, even if in that respect seems like there is no solution. Faust, in the story Dr. Faustus, represents those that choose to stoop to a light level in order to get what they want. The good angel and the no-good angel are the morals that pull the Fausts soul apart, forcing him to make a decision that can effect his future. The story Dr. Faustus is a great practice session of how one wrong decision can cause an everlasting burn.   In the story Dr. Faustus, there is a battle of good versus evil sacking on. Faust is a man who is desperate for power and control. He wants to do anything he wants to do, and control anything he wants to control. That is where Mephistophales, a blood-sucking devil appears, preying on Foust and his confusing soul. Mephistophales wa s in heaven, and was kicked out(p). His soul is burning, and so he is desperate to take Fousts soul with him. misery does love company. Faust wants power when he states I charge thee wait upon me whilstg I live. To do whatever Faustus shall command.(Act 1, scene 2,lines 33-34). While Faustus demands his power, Mephistophales is miserable in hell. He wants Fausts soul, and the two make a trade. Meanwhile, the good angel appears. The good angel is trying to convince Faust to drop this insanity, because the bible is what he should be reading, rather than the magic book. When it seems like the angels have gotten to Faust, the devils appear. It is an insult to the worse angels to divulge Christs name in their presence. While the good angels are telling him to repent, the bad angels are giving him a taste of pure hell. (p48) They bring out the seven deadly sins. (48) Lucifer, in the meantime, worked his magic, and Faust signs the dotted line. It is over. The seven deadly sins represen t the agony of hell. Faust now became the eighth. He now became just as evil and manipulative as Mephistophales. He now was forever damned.   Temptation is societys whisk enemy. When challenges arise, everyone wants answers, even if that means taking the wrong route. A great mannequin of Faust in our society is robbery.

Organizing Function of Management Essay

The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate the organizing conk of management. The organizing function of management develops internal organizational structure. A key purpose of the organizing function is to address how multitude interact in various business line environments. concern uses organizing activities to all(a)ocate resources, define responsibility, establish expectations, and group employees. At sophisticated firms such as Google that rely on employee skills, knowledge, and creativity to remain competitive, the greatness of people is evident as well (Bate &type A Snell, 1, 2009). Human Resources Management at GoogleHuman resources management is a formal clay use to manage people in a business environment (Bate & Snell, 2009). Human capital is a source of competitive advantage that is irreplaceable. harmonise to Bate & Snell, human resource planning occurs in three stages planning, programming, and evaluating (2009). Perfecting the art of human resources m anagement can provide strategic hold dear to organizational performance. The Google Company has secured its place as one of the worlds tip employers.Goggles strategy for effective human resources management is providing employees with curious benefits, perks, and opportunities. Lazlo Bock, Googles vice president of people operations states freedom, curiosity and highly trained employees has forged Googles achiever (HR Focus, 2008). Planning requires Google to direct futurity job trends based market fluctuations and company growth. In 2005, Google was hiring ab step up 10 people a day, adding to a workforce of more than 5,000 (Lohr, 2005). Currently, Google employs approximately 20, 000 people with various backgrounds and skills. Closely monitoring economic trends and labor supply forecast allows the company to manage all available resources. The following rules of engagement with employees, chalk out by Lazlo Bock, have contributed to Goggles effective human resources managem ent.* Hire learners. They atomic number 18 inquisitive, and when they fail, they will ask how they can do better. * Give people the tools and resources to imitate then let them. * Work on lesser projects in small teams.* Keep structures flat. Especially as the company gets big, information needs to rise up. * Discuss everything you can publicly. * Give performance-driven raises. This is helpful in controlling disturbance and enhancing retention. * Reward success, dont penalize failure. If you dont fail, youre not doing your job well. Quarterly goals atomic number 18 set and performance evaluations are based on these the company aims for a 70% success rate. engineering at Google Google was founded on the principle of organizing the worlds information and form it universally accessible and useful (Google, 2009). The company original began as a take care engine provider. The company quickly expanded products and services to allow software program, e-mail service, advertising platforms, desktop products, mobile devices, and mapping tools. Googles be given of services and products are too extensive and increasingly expanding.Googles success can be attribute to the companys expansion of expert services. Google recent advancement has been the development of a new operating system, Chrome, designed to rival its biggest competitors. Un wish Windows, Chrome OS is an open-source project like the Linux operating system thats popular with techies, which means outside software developers are welcome to work on it (Graham, 7, 2009). The release of Chrome OS as a free open source operating system creates competition with Microsofts Windows. Google AssetsGoogles cogency to control the search engine markets has allowed the company to prosper from advertising campaigns. According to Schonfeld, of the 137 billion estimated total searches performed in the U.S. last year, 85 billion were done on Google nearly 90 percent of all the growth in search volume was in addit ion captured by Google (2008). Googles profits should spike as the country climbs out of street corner because the company has weeded out a lot of frivolous expenses during the recession (Liedtke & Girard, 2009). Google went public at $85 dollars a share 2004 accredited estimates place Google shares at $430 a share (Liedtke & Girard, 2009). The statistics indicated that Google has effectively organize companies assets during difficult economic time.Conclusion Human resources management and technology stage a crucial in business success. Google has perfected work environments that cargo deck employees happy and provides the necessary resources to remain competitive as a company. David MacDonald, who fall in Google as an account manager in October 2001, says, It wasnt groundbreaking search engines had been around for years but it had a different approach and was all about the people (Smith, 6, 2008).Google remains one of the worlds leading companies engrossed in the technological revolution. Much of the organizations success arises from Googles ability to venture into multiple applications. Google refuses to rely on the companys search engine capabilities to sustain growth. The ability to adapt to economic demands and competition has facilitated Googles organizational structure.

Congo Poverty

meagreness has dec beginning in the Republic of congou since the 1980s and one-half(prenominal) the out fieldishs commonwealth now live under the distress line. This average, however, masks wide geographical and sparing inequalities. Most of the countrys silly hatful (64. 8 per penny) live in hobnailed atomic number 18as and women be among the hardest make headway by poverty. In 2006, more than a 3rd of children beneath tail fin in agrestic argonas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also scant(p) tidy sum in hobnailed areas where still 11 per cent of race roll in the hay give way water compared with 75 per cent of deal in urban areas.Rural large number also attain a in high spiritser unemployment rate with closedown to 50 per cent of the economic wholey active bucolic race being turn out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The countrys turbulent history a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a food market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during the nineties have whole left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the congos economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, close one third of the countrys people were displaced. The chronic fiscal crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the congou tea where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation cost are very high which seriously hampers small producers rise to power to markets. HIV/ support affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, but affects the 15-49 year age group the virtually and is an obstacle to reducing poverty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were living with HIV/ aid at the fetch up of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative impleme nting a ten-year political platform to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congos rural poor people? Although half the countrys people live below the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no accession to land. Because of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for nigh rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has buzz off a unique resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the primitive agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most disgusting in the Congos rural areas where people are more isolated and at that place is little investment. wherefore are they poor? Despite the countrys huge po tential, on that point are several causes of the poverty in the Congo * microfinance in rural areas is almost non-existent low agricultural productivity as a resolution of traditional cultivation methods, insufficient use of inputs much(prenominal) as better seeds and planting materials and fertilizers * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and distribution organizations, introductory processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be mixed with the adjoining Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was cognise as congou tea until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an prescribed language the population of D. R Congo is nearly six one thous and thousand larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The jiffy Congo War jump in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadliest conflict in the world since World War II by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people.Congo PovertyPoverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the countrys people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the countrys poor people (64. 8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas.Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The countrys turbulent history a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during the 1990s have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the Congos economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, about one third of the countrys people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation costs are very high which seriously hampers small producers access to markets. HIV/AIDS affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, but affects the 15-49 year age group the most and is an obstacle to reducing pover ty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative implementing a ten-year programme to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congos rural poor people? Although half the countrys people live below the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no access to land. Because of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for most rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has become a scarce resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the primary agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most severe in the Congos rural areas where people are more isolated and there is little investment. Why are they poor? Despite the countrys huge potential, there are several causes of the poverty in the Congo * microfinance in rural areas is almost non-existent low agricultural productivity as a result of traditional cultivation methods, insufficient use of inputs such as improved seeds and planting materials and fertilizers * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and distribution organizations, basic processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be mixed with the neighboring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an o fficial language the population of D. R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadliest conflict in the world since World War II by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people.

Plastic Cups Industry

borrowframe December 8, 2009 T commensurate of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 perseverance/Product Category Overview 2 mart Size 2 harvest-time of Product Category 3 Recent Product Innovations 3 grocery store Sub-Segments 4 MARKET SECTOR RESEARCH 4 Differentiation 5 Value to Consumers 5 Fit in the Market 5 scathe Strategies within Market 6 NEW PRODUCT INFORMATION 7 PRICING STRATEGY, TACTICS, AND THEORY 8 CONCLUSIONS 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 Introduction exertion/Product Category Overview The Food advantage incase industriousness deals with plastic ingatherings much(prenominal) as plastic bowls, shapes, plates and cutlery.The manufacture encompasses removeaging for the fellowship, commercial subprogram and g overnment institutions, such(prenominal) as schools and correctional facilities. Specifically, the merchandise universe developed belongs to the reusable loving instill sept, in which the primary national competitor is alone transfuse Company. Although the Foodservice adv ancement labor was impacted by the economic situation, the challenges proved beneficial for the intentness as they led to app blockade in w atomic bet 18 innovation. More notable, the greening of harvest-homes, making them less(prenominal) harmful to the environment, has be begin a signal of the changing times.Additionally, the reason for the resiliency in more or less convergence categories in the industry, is the military issue of consumers downgrading their, spending on dining out and increasing their spending on home cooked meals. As consumers continue to downscale they result be sounding for more expendable items to use in their homes. The foodservices case industry contains already established firms, such as only loving cup Company, however, our crop allow service a recession in the foodstuff not effectively reached by new(prenominal)wise vendors. Market Size Recycled, reusable plastic go to pieces finds its place in the disposable sector of the indust ry under the segment, Cups and Lids. This commercialize accounts for some(prenominal) segments of plastic w atomic number 18 Cups and Lids, Containers, Dinnerware and others. In tag onition, the commercialise includes several end-use market places such as restaurants, sell storages, and various institutions. With respect to the cup and lid market the U. S. is predicting adds over the course of a four- course of instruction layout. It has been speculated that surrounded by now and 2012, demand for this individual segment go out continue to grow by approximately 4. 3 percent to a figure of $7. 8 billion. flavor further ahead, we come across predictions that this industry is expected to as yettually reach $16. 52 billion by year 2015.This growth has been associated with increasing away-from-home expenditure, and dual-income families with reduced time for making fatten out home cooked meals, finds immense applications in restaurants, institutions, and retail stores among others. Increase in the come up of working women and changing trends in ethnicity pay besides led to great indulgence in foodservice disposables. While these arent figures directed at the cup market in its entirety, research has noticed a close correlational statistics between purchasing plastic dinner companionshipware (i. e. plastic plates and eating utensils) and the signifi loafert cast up in plastic drink ware.Its been noted, however, that of the foodservice market, cups and lids are anticipated to d newfangled the quickest growth in profit from now until 2015. This is expected to be fueled by the increasing demand in environmentally brotherly cups, such as compostable cups or recycled content cups, entrusting add care for gains as these cups tend to be high in expenditure than effected cups, thusly generating a respectable profit. Growth of Product Category The aviate cup company was appointed in 1936. Solo was and still is one of the biggest companies in the plastic disposable cup industry. In 2006, the company posted gross revenue of over 2. billion bucks. Since the founding of the consumer packaging industry, growth has been exponential. The industry is multi-billion dollar commerce and one that some consumers contribute to at one prefigure or another. Plastic cups are now an everyday item in many volumes lives and live literally countless uses. With the modern, fast-paced lifestyle, convenient, disposable plastic cups are practical. There are also niche reapings that are still plastic disposable cups but they have a bit of flare to them. Some of these products include insulated plastic cups and cups that have go across grips added to them.The first Solo red, basic cup that most people complete was introduced in late 1972. Since then, the daddyularity has grown exponentially. What used to be just a family consumer product has now morphed into a product that is used by many of the biggest corporations in the world. 80% of So los gross revenue come from these king-size corporations such as Starbucks and fast food restaurants who use other, smaller containers as condiment holders. What started out as just simple cups has evolved into roughlything much more great and diverse. The aforementioned condiment containers are an example.Another example would be the lines of complete tableware that some companies now offer. They are entirely plastic and disposable, just like the cups. The industry has grown from just a simple singular product into wholly separate lines and product trees. The expansion from the beginning is enormous. Recent Product Innovations In the plastic tableware industry, lines have blurred between disposable and reusable. With many disposable cups now world marketed as dishwasher refuge, low-grade dinnerware has become single-use for some market segments, but multiple-use for others. The Green movement has also influenced this industry.Increasingly, consumers are exit to spend more o n products do from recycled or biodegradable materials. several(prenominal) companies have fulfilln advantage of this new market segment by promoting green product lines. MicroGreen Polymers, for example, is a Seattle-based company that manufactures disposable coffee cups acquired from recycled pop bottles. The company uses a thermoformed plastic technique that infuses tiny bubbles into the plastic, resulting in a more bang for your buck product. In addition to resisting temperatures up to four hundred degrees, the product also be fifteen to twenty percent less than competing products.Another eco-friendly tableware producer is EcoProducts, which makes plastic- smell cups that are make from compostable corn. The cups require less zipper than a traditional plastic cup to produce, resist heat up to 145 degrees, and compost in solo 45 days. Solo Cup Company, the market serving strikeer in plastic cup manufacturing, has also come out with a line of green products called Bare. It is the first across the nation available full line of food service and consumer products made of useful or renewable materials, and because Solo has the flaw recognition that emerging companies wear thint, it has a unique advantage over the competition.Another recent product innovation is the beveled cup design that allows for a slip-free grip of the beverage. Solo has released products with this receive called Grip Cups, while Hefty released a similar product called the s stinkpott(p) Grip Cup. Advancement in the industry is the development of color-changing plastics which are being used in the takings of low-grade cups. The company MoodCups uses this technology to produce customizable cups for large-scale customers that vary color in response to contact with crisp temperatures.MoodCups is one of a variety of companies which currently utilize this technology, but thus far the products are only available in mass orders of 250 or more or else than in family-size quantiti es. Market Sub-Segments There are 2 main market sub-segments for this product college scholars and home users. College scholars (24 and under) are a great deal expense fond, with less sensitivity to quality. Additionally, this segment already uses this oddball of cup for performing drinking games, keg parties, and everyday cup use.Kooler cups pull up stakes be a draw to this segment because of their unique color-changing technology, low scathe, and versatility. Home users, principally sort as those consumers 25 and older, are interested in pass judgment sort of than terms alone. The ability to use the product we have created, Kooler Cups, at dinner parties or in everyday settings lead add value to the product for this segment. As with college students, these cups will draw in home users looking for that minuscule extra bit of flare to throw in at a home party or with the kids.Market Sector question The mien of myriad off- home runs offering substitute products to the classic Solo cup creates a unique challenge in this product category. While Solo system the number one competitor in this product category, almost monovular products are available to consumers at a lower woo that are piled under generic and store brands. Throughout our in-the-field determine research, we found that the store brand choices to Solo cups were consistently priced much lower than equal to(predicate) name-brand products. DifferentiationOur product will compete with existing products in the market sector through characteristic variousiation rather than low price. Kooler Cups will be considered somewhat of a novelty item by offering consumers the ability to own a disposable cup that is more gaiety and different that other items they see by major competitors. Kooler Cups are temperature worked up cups that change colors which add excitement and allows for the consumers to see that the beverage is the hone temperature. This bluster is currently not part of the market our product is entering and this is a main reason it will be successful.Additionally, Kooler Cups are made of a harder plastic that is both(prenominal) inexpensive and manufactured of a high quality material than competing products. By producing Kooler Cups with a higher quality material, we can ensure that the product is dishwasher safe. Value to consumers These unique features puzzle out a whole new set of desirable and valuable traits of disposable cups to the consumer. The higher quality material establishes a large part of the value of the product as consumer will pay less for a reusable cup that is able to be disposed at the consumers discretion.This feature allows for a range of uses at an affordable price which leads to a decrease in consumer disappointment with the accidental destruction or loss of the product. Additionally, the products material provides value by being dishwasher safe which will decrease the dust of germs or resi receivable that may occur with hand wash only cups offered by major competitors. The new material will also add to the ease of cleaning the product, saving the consumer time as well as money because they will need to purchase the cups as frequently.The color change features adds value by bringing an element of surprise and excitement to whatever event the product is used at. For the inexpensive nature of the product, this feature will be a major dealing point and will lead to a higher perceived value by consumers. Fit in the market Kooler Cups will participate in the disposable food service products market with products manufactured by major companies like Solo Cup Inc. Kooler Cups will be available at a comparable price to other products in the market because they can be considered disposable even though they are not necessarily one-time use cups.We will pile and sell Kooler Cups in comparable quantities to its competitors in the market to encourage the excerption of this product for gatherings where many cup s are required. Pricing Strategies within Market With several outside factors affecting the profitability and bottom line of a firm, set plays a crucial role in reaching that yield. Understanding the costs associated with the product (cost of goods sell and operating expense) is the first step before ascertain an appropriate set schema.The cost of goods sold accounts for the various costs that go into exertion of the good as well as shipping and discourse expenses. In addition, operating expense takes into consideration the costs associated with overhead, marketing, payroll, and office supplies. The price scheme used should more than cover these expenses to result in a respectable profit. With respect to the Palouse region, it appears that our main competitor, Solo Cups is employing a promotional pricing strategy. This strategy is best used as new products are introduced into the market, or in our case, to stimulate demand for an already-established product.The demand for thi s well established product comes with respect to seasonal changes, given the special events occurring during those seasons. During the fall and winter months, Solo cups are found on sale because of the influence of the two most common sports in our area, football and basketball. With the multitude of residents who tailgate as well as attend or host pre-game parties, breakeven on sales of cups are surely met and exceeded with the use of effective promotional efforts. Also, it was noticed that during off seasons such as late spring throughout summer, the plastic cup industry aims to target the outdoorsy enthusiast crowd.This group includes those involved with barbequing, casual camping, outdoor sporting events, as well as general picnicking. With this, Solo can maximize reach of its target audience under various shifts, both seasonally as well as activity-based by providing a recognisable price during these respective months as well as using other products to help promote their cups. Upon visiting local stores such as WinCo, Wal-Mart, Rosauers, and Safeway, we observe that Solo Cup places a significant emphasis on product viewing as they are determined to set an inviting, yet gainful price.In WinCo, Rosauers and Safeway, they take advantage of end-cap displays generally strategically positioned with complementary products such as Americas beverage of choice, Busch Light and Keystone beer. This type of strategy grabs the consumers attention through use of effective signage, as they are stocking up on supplies for any given event. Given the approachability of wide aisles, such as the bordering aisles at Wal-Mart, Solo can position its cups at conveniently located product islands.These islands are also generally shared with other complimentary items, namely Busch Light and Keystone beer as well as twelve pack cases of soda. This is especially effective because people will pass these islands on their way to satisfy their regular obtain lists, being reminded of their need for cups and beverages, if not already realized. New Product selective information Our product is a cardinal ounce plastic cup. The features that distinguish Kooler Cups are that they are reusable, dishwasher safe, and color-changing.We believe that by adding these, our product will have value associated with it that the products we are competing with do not have. These features add extra cost to the production of the cups however, these will be strong selling points to the consumers and will bring in the volume of sales needed to counter the extra costs. By having Kooler Cups made as reusable and dishwasher safe cups, they are more appealing to a broader market, ranging from the household parent who is purchasing to entertain guests, to the college student who is looking for an affordable option as a party cup, and everyone else in between.If a consumer were to go to the grocery store and purchase a pack of Solo brand cups, they would use them for the evening, and thr ow them away at the end of the night just like any other trash. However, with Kooler Cups, the consumer is able to use the time after time, making our product a much violate value over the life of the cup. Kooler Cups will be the life of the party with the color changing technology. This feature will appeal especially to college students looking something extra to have at their party, as well as being a strong selling feature to mothers who go hopping with their children. It is a feature that is sure to be determining factor in the minds of potential consumers, and will result in Kooler Cups gaining a sizable amount of market share from the product launch. Kooler Cups will be positioned on the shelf where all of the other plastic party supplies are located. They will be at a higher price point than most of the competing products because of the reusability and color changing features of the cups. Kooler Cups will be offered in packs of twelve, even though many of the competing plast ic cups come in packages of twenty.Our product cost would be too high if we offered packs of twenty, so at packs of twelve, the price will seem closer to the competing cups, even though the price per cup will be much higher. The Kooler Cups will sell in packs of twelve cups, and made so that they are stackable. The design of the cup will have a more modern of a look, with a slight outward curve on the upper half of the cup. It will be constructed out of Polypropylene plastic (No. 5), which is a food safe plastic that is dishwasher safe and more durable than Polystyrene (No. 6) that Solo brand cups are made out of.Polypropylene plastic is also able to be engineered to have thermodynamic qualities. Forecasting the demand of our product has turn out to be somewhat of a difficult task. After looking at many different factors, the estimated periodical demand in the first year of Kooler Cups is 155,000 packages of Kooler Cups. This was found by looking at the total amount of college stu dent in the United States which is closely 14 million. We estimate that probably about 3/5s of college students participate in drinking, which would bring the number of college age drinkers to 8,400,000.Assuming that each drinking college student consumes about 3 plastic cups a month that would bring the number of cups used monthly to 25,200,000. We are estimating an initial market share of 5%, which would equal 1,260,000 cups purchased monthly. That is 105,000 packages of cups sold per month, and we added an additional 50,000 cups to be consumed by other markets such as households. This gives us a monthly demand of 155,000 packages of Kooler Cups. Pricing Strategy, Tactics, and Theory Our plan is to enforce a price-skimming strategy to establish Kooler Cups as a competitor in the market.By pricing the cups slightly higher than our primary competitor, Solo Cup, we will communicate high product value and capture the price insusceptible market first. While the price for a package o f thirty sixteen oz. Solo cups ranges from $2. 67 to $5. 49 (depending on the distribution channel), we will package our product in twelve cup packages for approximately $3. 99. Because our production cost per cup is much higher due to the higher-grade plastic used for raw materials and the thermodynamic technology, offering the same package size as Solo would make the price per cup difference obvious.However, packaging the cups in sets of twelve accomplishes two goals 1) increasing the customers propensity to purchase the product because the package price is within an acceptable range of competitors prices, and 2) reinforcing the reusable feature of the cups (i. e. , if theyre reusable, why buy thirty of them? ). Once the price insensitive market is saturated, we will lower the price slightly to capture more price sensitive markets. Logistically, this strategy makes sense for a company starting with limited production strength.As a result of high startup costs and fine brand awar eness (and, consequently, low initial revenues), we will only have the capital to produce limited quantities of the product in the beginning. Then, as brand awareness increases and we begin to re-coop our startup costs, we will generate enough notes flow to increase production capacity and decrease our cost per cup. With a lower cost per cup, we can lower the price without eroding our margins. Because our product has a differentiating feature (the color changing technology), we wont be forced to compete on price.Additionally, since there are no comparable substitutes for this products differentiating feature, we can be the ones to determine its value. Rather than choosing between a name brand Solo cup and a store brand cup that looks virtually identical, customers are choosing between a good (the classic disposable cup) and a whole new product entirely. Firms often times find too much comfort in their pricing strategy, and are too optimistic, that they fail to realize what could go wrong with regards to sales or driven demand. As a business, its crucial to read these what-ifs, if you will, to determine the next plan of action.It becomes entirely necessary during the initial stages of product development and marketing, to come up with something known as a beat case scenario. So, with this scenario in mind, what if the demand for Kooler Cups plummeted during the first three to six months, creating a significant decrease in our sales figures? Would we just call it quits, and subjoinment before too much of our time, money, and efforts are wasted? Well, the primary strategy behind price-skimming doesnt say to bail, but instead reduce price if that initial market isnt purchasing our product.The idea behind this strategy resides in the fact that there are different pricing phases over time to generate profits with respect to various price-sensitive markets. If, in our case, consumers arent buying during the initial phase of pricing first 3-6 months, we will redu ce the price to try and capture the next segment, using an effective promotional strategy. For example, we would attach a $. 50 off coupon on the outside of the package, as to not degrade the price or brand of the cups, but increase the value leading to higher sales volume.This will keep extend the consumer base until, eventually, we have maximum market potential given our product. Looking on the other end, if sales skyrocket given a forceful increase in demand, there are a couple different options to consider increase capacity while maintaining (or even lowering) price, or fulfill a slight price-increase to counteract demand. Seeing as the product is rather new into the market and un- established, most would agree that the appropriate strategy to take would be to slightly increase price without coming across to customers as charging an unreasonably high price.A brand new business, such as ours, would not hold the necessary resources needed to expand and increase capacity (i. e. purchasing new equipment or hiring additional people). The next best alternative at hand would be a slight price increase until demand starts to level off again. *Conclusion * The disposable sector of the Foodservice Packaging industry is comprised of single-use products such as plastic bowls, cups, lids and cutlery for the commercial, government and home use sectors.The specific product category that Kooler Cups will be competing in is titled Cups &038 Lids, and includes disposable beverage products made from various grades of plastic, Styrofoam and molded paper. This category is projected to have the highest revenue growth between now and 2015, due largely to innovations in environmentally friendly products such as compostable cups and cups made from recycled materials. Solo Cup Company, the primary competitor in this product category, has sweep over market share and posted sales of $2. 4 billion in 2006.Created in 1936, Solo enjoys well-established brand equity and has the advan tage of low production costs due to its high volume manufacturing. These factors allow Solo to retail its products at a premium price, resulting in high profit margins. By differentiating our product based on its unique characteristics, we will enter the market as a high-quality alternative to the classic Solo cup. With its color changing technology and durability, Kooler Cups will compete in the market by providing the customer with a uniquely valuable product. Bibliography Ammended Annual Report. Solo Cup Co.. N. p. , 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 14 Oct. 2009. . Cold Cups &038 Lids. EcoProducts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. . Cups &038 Lids to 2012 Market Research, Market Share, Market Size, Sales, drive Forecast, Market Leaders, Company Profiles, Industry Trends and Companies including Solo Cup, Dart Container and Georgia-Pacific. _ The Freedonia Group Market Research _. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. http//www. freedoniagroup. com/Cups-And-Lids. html. Cups &038 Lids. Market Rese arch Reports Business Market Research Reports &038 Industry Analysis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. http//www. marketresearch. com/product/display. asp? productid=2021950. Dunn, Collin. MicroGreen Recycled Plastic Cups Cut heat energy and Waste TreeHugger. TreeHugger. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. http//www. treehugger. com/files/2006/02/microgreen_recy. php. Our Values, Vision and Mission. Foodservice Packaging Institute. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Oct. 2009. http//www. fpi. org/EXPAGES/ourvalues. asp. Packaging Industry Related News. IDS-Packaging Online Information Resource, Exhibition, Conference, Packaging White Papers, Suppliers, Products, and much more.N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Sept. 2009. http//www. idspackaging. com/packaging/us/newsrelease. html. REVOLVER. ONESHOT CORPORATION. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Dec. 2009. http//www. one-shot. com/solocup_r. html. Solo Cup Company Company visibility from Hoovers. _Hoovers Business solutions from _Hoovers. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. http//www. hoovers. com/company/Solo_Cup_Company/hsxrti-1. html. US census Press Releases. Census Bureau Home Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Dec. 2009. http//www. census. gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_

Million Dollar Baby

The question of this story is achieving the American Dream of riches and fame, its also astir(predicate) the need for bop and support. Frankie is a brilliant further unsuccessful incase trainer who train a lot of excellent boxers precisely lack of success. Maggie is a natural boxer who tirelessly trains each solar day in Frankies gym even though he has jilted her requests that he trains her. She is at the age of 32 believes she has one last dislodge to make a life for herself in encase. They are the loneness people that guess to find intend in their life. Both of them want successFrankie is estrange from his daughter, who returns his many letters that all are unopened. Beneath his crusty outside(prenominal) is a man crying for the love and acceptance of his daughter, so he goes to church both single day. There is an aching void in his heart. Maggie is a waitress from a white trash family. Her obtain save cares about her welfare. Nobody cares about her in the family. She also lack of family love but she treats her family very well because of her strong result. Maggie dedication and hard performance influence Frankies mind and he agrees to train her, but only(prenominal) in the basic and then he will turn her everyplace to another trainer.At this point Frankie is still afraid to open himself up to Maggie who follows every word of his advice. As Maggie fights her way up in her boxing, Frankie establishes a parental relationship with Maggie. While Maggies mother ridicules her success is the ring, Frankie at long last arranges a million dollar fight for Maggie and they actually success. Also the photo always mentions the guy who is called Danger. He is a innocent and optimistic unseasoned boy who always come to Frankies gym to practice but is not a nature boxer. Being successful in boxing is also his dream.The remorseless fact blows him into the depth of despair. Although he comes to the gym every day to practice, he cant even fight O.K. to the black guy. Now he know boxing is not as easy as his imagination. For this reason he disappears some days. But eventually, he comes back with his confidence. This is the irony in this story, even though you work hard, its not always a good outcome. He realized that he is not suit in boxing but the worshipful break-dance is he still coming to practice tireless when he is wake by Mr. Scrap. At least he flights for his dream and doesnt live in a ordinary life like Maggies mother.Maggies mother doesnt convey a job because she is lazy and she lives on the welfare. She doesnt have a dream and doesnt care about her own daughter. The only subject she concerns is money even though her own daughter is on the marches of death. At the top of the life of Maggies boxing, she is being a paralyzed by the accident. The pain is intolerable for Maggie, she ask for ending her life. She does the most valuable thing in her life that she is satisfied with the brilliant achievements in the gleam of an eye. She enjoys the process of boxing that she has never ever been regret of being a boxer.Lying on the bed is against to her believe never have a original life. People in the world all are never and ever be the same because of difference dreams. They are finding the meaning of their lives. Maggie chooses to end of her life to wind up her finally dream. This story key out us, everyone has a right to pursue the dream. Just go for it, it might be failure but at least we try and our life will be unordinary. If we keep proceeding in the way of our dream, even though we fail we still get more than the other who live in an ordinary life.

Impacts of Student Retention Essay

1. 0 Introduction This brood go depend explore the concepts of existing breeding policies in a positive country Singapore. The rector of Education of Singapore commissioned this melodic theme to account for the impacts of learner property to its advantages, disadvantages and impacts. This report is constructed with at least 6 credible scholarly articles and the MOEs official website. Although the idea of memory board in Singapore is not unfamiliar, this report pass on distinguish the ramifications of retention and describes the implications of retention in a developed country like Singapore. 2. 0Purpose of Grade confirming 2. 1Goals of retention.The practice of holding back up ostensibly weaker students for one more year on the grounds of failed faculty memberian prowess is common in Singapore. computer memory policy calls for requiring students who moderate failed to strive satisfactorily to repeat their current seduce the following year. Promotional provide in certain grades found that 20 to 40 percent of the students did not qualify for promotion (Brophy 2006, 13). This is motivated by a conservative feel that retaining students provides another opportunity to master content which students failed to master and consequently snuff it students better equipped to succeed in the following year.Most grade repeating in developed countries is imposed by school days on low-achieving students who go through made poor progress despite symmetric attendance (Brophy 2006, 12). 2. 2Does retention Satisfy Original Goals Sixth grade students rated grade retention as the single most stressful life event (Riggert et al 2006, 71). repetition is principally made up of two forms, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary happens when students whom ar considered at risk drop out(a) of school before attempting the utmost exams Repetition is associated with low achievement and early dropout (Brophy 2006, 9).Voluntarily means forfeiting the kick downst airs of progress. Familial background, financial conditions or past stigmas all play a major part in the decision but grade retention policy makers believe that it is for schools to maintain high standards therefore retention does gratify the goals of the school but not the goals of the student. 3. 0Factors & Conditions Leading to Failing a Student 3. 1Academic Achievement Grade repetition is decided on the faculty memberian achievement of the student, decision is made by the authoritative body, normally a minimal grade of 50 percentage achieved in all subjects will suffice in passing.At risk students make up the noted percentage in this category, commands a higher luck despite regular attendance and class performances. This supports Diederichs statement of schools superfluously weighs subjects through the utmost examinations as a criterion to pass students. These patterns indicate that prior academic achievement and expectations were related to retention (Diederich 1978, 10 ). 3. 2Disciplinary Problems Social influences play a ample part in the development of the students mentality towards education.Attributing to the students behavior, students from lower income families work while attending school and simply the student is unable to give their full-time attention to their academic endeavors. round typically see student failure or success as essentially the results the students achieved, obviously student effort, ability and motivation are stringy factors in the equation(Wimshurst, Bates and Wortley 2002, 12). Students are often misunderstood because enthusiasm in a student is often miscomprehended.This attributes to the students beguile towards education and forms the outline of his or hers behavior. School-imposed grade repetition has negative effects on achievement and is associated with social adjustment problems and increased likelihood of dropping out (Brophy 2006, 4) 4. 0Advantages & Disadvantages of Student Repetition and Fail ure 4. 1 Effects on Academic Achievement Retention does not assist with the students academic achievements. Grade retention was not found to be a beneficial intervention, overall, in the studies examined (Sterns et al 2007, 220).Developing a insufficiency of interest in education, this contradicts to the fantasy that repeating is beneficial. Students have a greater probability to drop out when forced to repeat. Grade retention has been identified as the single most powerful predictor of dropping out (Swail 2004, 9). On the other hand, a very small minority showed the tenacity to hold on to their education careers and displayed a slight improvement in their academic achievements.4. 2Social Effects & Psychological on Students Involuntary grade repetition has negative effects on social, emotional and behavioral aspects (Brophy 2006, 16). Grade repetition does not improve academic achievement but the contrary it carries prejudicial effects on social, emotional and behavioral ch aracteristics. Displaying poorer social adjustments and negative attitudes, Students have difficulty in adjusting, self-esteem is reduced drastically.Drug use, teenage pregnancy, gangs, school dropouts, suicide, violence, political apathy, casual sex and more recently depression(McInerney 2006, 12) the subtraction of these factors will optimize the likelihood of these students dropping out. Grade repetition is connected with long-term effects such as the probability of a poorer education, bound their employment opportunities. 5. 0Conclusion Cumulative point from research clearly demonstrates that there are no distinct advantages to repetition, and negative impacts outweigh the positive.They (teachers) see the temporary advantages appear during retention year (Brophy 2006, 28). It is imperative for policy makers to analyze the societal and psychological consequences. Current policies must be revised at an arms space with schools that are beneficial to students and schools. It appears that many, if not most politicians, administrators and teachers remain unaware of the evidence against school-imposed retention or they are misled by false claims that support it (Brophy 2006, 27) 6. 0Recommendations Retention is mandated in a developed country such as Singapore.A conservative education system with policies that requires students to repeat without achieving minimal requirements, Singapores education system can benefit by administering or implementing a change in her existing educational policies. Denmark, Japan, Korea, nary(prenominal)way and Swedens emphasizes on mechanical promotion and this should put to rest any concerns that automatic promotion policies will lead to mediocre schooling (Brophy 2006, 23). They are as follows Adopt small classes in primary and secondary schools ranging from ten to twenty students per teacher ratio. range and provide at-risk students with additional scholarship opportunities and methods.Teachers and parents m ust be collaborating to prevent the lack of interest in students. Suspend the streaming of students. Students whom are subjected to streaming afford intense stress to exhibit good grades. no possessing the maturity to carry on the pressure and carrying the stigma of this unnecessary rite of passage, the probability of dropping out will increase significantly. Evaluate Students not only through a single high stakes test but track invariable progress through participation and performance. Develop a progressive learning system as an assessment, either for teachers to act upon rather than just report failure and move on.Number of Words 1095 Reference list Swail, Scott Watson. 2004. The invention of Student Retention. Texas higher(prenominal) Education Coordinating Board. Roderick, Melissa and Jenny Nagaoka. Retention under Chicagos High-Stakes Testing Program Helpful, Harmful or Harmless? Source Educational evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp . 309-340. American Educational Research Association. McInerney, Peter. 2006. Blame the student, blame the school or blame thesystem? Educational policy and the dilemmas of student engagementand school retentiona Freirean perspective.University of Ballarat. Stearns, Elizabeth, Stephanie Moller, Judith Blau and Stephanie Potochnick. 2007. Staying Back and Dropping out The Relationship betweenGradeRetention and School Dropout. Source Sociology of Education,Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. ,2007), pp. 210-240. American SociologicalAssociation. Riggert, Steven C, Mike Boyle, Joseph M. Petrosko, Daniel Ash and CarolynRudeParkins. 2006. Student Employment and Higher EducationEmpiricism andContradiction. Source Review of EducationalResearch, Vol. 76, No. 1(Spring, 2006), pp. 63-92. AmericanEducational Research Association. Diederich Ott, Mary.1978. Retention of Men and Women EngineeringStudents. Source Research in Higher Education, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1978),pp. 137-150. Springer. Bosshardt, William. 2004. Student Drops and Failure in Principles Courses. Source The Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Spring,2004), pp. 111- 128. Taylor and Francis Ltd. Tinto, Vincent. 2001. Taking Student Retention Seriously. SyracuseUniversity. A. Bali, Valentina, Dorothea Anagnostopoulos, Reginald Roberts. 2005. Source Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 2(Summer, 2005), pp. 133-155. American Educational ResearchAssociation.

An Indivisible Peace

It is really inevitable that nearlywhere in our lives, we induct been touched by a special adhesiveness c tout ensembleed gartership. That special bond mogul happen in the most un normal fourth dimension and place. It might broadcaste be connected non just with turn in, precisely in addition with be rancor and selfishness.A Separate Peace is a timeless figment which depicts a bal peerlessy of two beat booster shots named element and Finny or Phineas who atomic number 18 both past from their homes to attend boarding take during World War II. Since both of them argon experiencing the same hardships, pressures and turmoils that come with boarding school, they both create a unmatched bond and patron apiece other survive tough times. They help each other develop independence and courage art object confine in a boarding school thats full of distressing things.The while revolves around Devon School which is verbalize to be the most beautiful school in spic-and- span England because it helps its masculine students master both scholarly and acrobatic facets of their lives. Devon School is a boarding school which has an atmosphere of privileged students.The students who are accepted in Devon both possess class and m peerlessy. It is actually usual that a school is just a place for educational achievements and at the same time, person-to-personity growth. But Devon isnt just an ordinary institution for its a place wherein the boys get the chance to be carefree without worrying intimately their reputations being ruined.The overbold is set on World War II, a very crucial point for the boys because it is the time wherein theyll choose which certain troops branch will they enlist in. The boys arent real constrained to enlist in the military nevertheless during that time, being involved in the warfare is truthfully a great status symbol for it proves the courage of a tender-hearted beings. both Gene and Finny possess contrasting persona lities.Gene is a man who excels in his schoolman and on the other hand, Finny is excellent in sports. The state of being a pacifist also lies in Finnys nature. Although Genes character isnt that bad, it is Finny who is well-adored by their teachers and schoolmates. He doesnt get enemies and a lot of people look up to him and want to be in his shoes for his extraordinary skills in sports. Gene is the type of man who runs rebellious things privileged his head. When they both go to the beach, Finny told Gene that theyre now best pals but Gene doesnt respond for a darkness in his fondness is already accummulating.He is doubtful of Finnys pure character. He believes that Finny is just showing his sincere side because he is deeply jealous with him and his achievements and that he wants to sabotage him. Since Finny is not doing well academically, Gene doubts that Finny wants to destroy him academically by diverting his attention. With this in mind, Gene decides to get even with Finny. Gene even mentions that Finny could get forth with anything. I couldnt help envying him that a little, which was perfectly normal. There was no maltreat in envying even your best friend a little. (Knowles 18).But what Gene position isnt harmful turns out to be a very critical situation. Genes grudge towards Finny is unbearable thats wherefore while jumping on a channelize during a summer day, he on purpose shook the tree which causes Finny to mislay his balance and fall drastically.Although Finny already has a doubt that Gene intentionally did it, he never seriously thinks to the highest degree it for he believes that his best friend cannot do it. Finnys leg become broken which disabled to him to play sports again. He roughlyhow loses his self-confidence knowing the fact that he cannot engage himself with the one thing hes passionate with which is sports.He returns to Devon in crutches and in a pitiful state, but he never bears a grudge in his heart. Both he and Gene devel ops their bond more stronger. They willingly share each others skills. Gene tutors Finny in his academic subjects while Finny teaches Gene about the foundations, tactics and techniques of sports.For a while, they forget about the war in which they are pressured to enlist to. fourth dimension comes wherein Gene is put in a mock trial for soulfulness suspects that hes the cause of Finnys injury. Finny wherefore realizes that his best friend actually knocked him off the tree. 15 years afterward, Finny knocked himself again off a marble staircase which causes his convalescent leg to become worse again.Genes conscience undoubtedly bothers him so in the infirmary, he visits Finny and asks for forgiveness for the monstrous crime that he has committed. Finny unconditionally accepts his exculpation for forgiveness and assures him that nothing will castrate between them. Finny dies and although Gene is blow out of the water about his death, he quieten continues to enlist in the Navy. Gene then realizes the misery that he created out of his dark and jealous heart and decides to change his view of the world.The central focus of the heartwarming wise is to depict that each individual in the world is longing for his own separate peace and will do anything to attain it. Each individual has his own focal point of achieving his separate peace. In Genes case, he attained his separate peace by knocking off Finny in the tree.Gene fears that his bestfriend will sabotage and betray him thats why he chooses to get even with him. Although he doesnt submit a cover evidence that Finny is really set to destroy him, he still continues his plan and thus, satisfying himself with Finnys downfall. Looking at Finnys case, his separate peace is to detach himself from the war and so he uses his excellence in sports to get away from the enlistment. The characters of the novel both have fears thats why they create their own defense mechanisms to get over the truth that is driving t heir lives.During those times, the boys in Devon also act in conformity. They do things which they think would be acceptable with their friends. Instead of listening to what their hearts really want, they listen to what their friends must say about what is acceptable and what is not. Of all the schoolboys, Finny is the still if(prenominal) one who enjoys his life using his own standards. His kind-hearted and genuine character sets him apart from his friends including Gene. Finny follows everything that his heart dictates and he always sees that the things that hes doing is a heartwarming reflection of his love for life.A Separate Peace is beautifully woven to show the evils that are lurking inside a humans heart. It depicts that a human has fears and insecurities which cause him to release his dark and flawed side. On the brightener side, it is truly humbling to know that not all humans are indeed evil for there exist almost whos love and light for life overpower the evil and greed of human hearts.Its clearly demonstrated in Finnys rumor who has always been loving and pure. He forgives his best friend and shows him that its never too late to change and break up his heart to the world. Finnys sincere character was proven when he said to Gene It was just some kind of blind impulse you had in the tree there . It wasnt anything you really snarl against me, it wasnt some kind of hate youve felt all along. It wasnt anything personal.When Finny dies, Gene is left to realize how his conceit killed his best friend. Its a tough time for Gene but he later gives forgiveness to himself and moves on with his life using a sadder yet wiser perspective. He even recalls his best friend in a heartbeaking way During the time I was with him, Phineas created an atmosphere in which I continued now to live, a way of sizing up the world with erratic and constitutionally personal reservations, letting its rocklike facts sift through and be accepted only a little at a time, o nly as some(prenominal) as he could assimilate without a sense of chaos and loss.No one else I have ever met could do this.When others began to feel that there was this overwhelmingly hostile thing in the world with them, then the simplicity and wizard of their characters broke and they were not the same again. (Knowles 194)A Separate Peace not only chronicles a tale of two best friends but it also has a historical context that lies beneath its story. It is known that the novel was first produce in England in 1959, but it doesnt actually mean that the time of the novel is 1959. The novel focuses on the early 1940s wherein linked States had proclaimed its community in World War II. Aside from the countrys participation, World War II brought out enormoue valor and patriotism in each citizens heart.Even though some of them are not actually engaged in combat, each citizen felt When A Separate Peace was first published in the United States in 1960, the Korean War had been over for a pproximately seven years. to a fault at that time, the countrys participation in Vietnam War had not yet heightened to greater proportions. The United States made it compulsary for men to enroll in the military peculiarly the draft which is the U.S.s role in Vietnam in the early sixties.A small dissent happened to diminish the compulsory participation but in the end, the young antiwar protesters were forced to respond by burning their draft notices.It was also in 1960s where the youngest president of United States, John F. Kennedy, was elected. At the age of forty-three, he had defeat Vice President Richard M. Nixon. During Kenndys term, the population was hugely comprised of adolescents and by the time they have reached college, they greatly became a dominant part of American politics and culture. They have started to doubt and question the authority of their parents generation. In line with their scrutiny, they have also started to search their own meaning of identity which wa s also reflected in the novel through Genes search of his individuality.By the end of 1960s, A Separate Peace already praised by a wide array of conservative critics. The novel was praised in various ways. Some critics find the books antiwar sentiments very pitiful, accurate and timely while some deeply admire the books moral lessons especially the part wherein it showed that a sins redemption is still possible no matter how great a sin can be.A Separate Peace is not only hailed for its moving historical contexts, but also because itemulates several valuable themes such as war, rivalry, guilt and friendship. On a certain level, the novel emulates the war study for it concentrates the huge impact World War II has created on the male adolescents.The novel focuses on the dificulty the young men are facing with their decisions about the war. Most of them are in the verge of deciding whether to enlist themselves in the war. Some of them are even preoccupied with the thoughts of their te ntative acceptance on their desired military branch.The Word War II caused great implications on Genes generations especially the fact that most of their young teachers are away to do war-related jobs. Thus, most of the teachers left to instruct them were men between the ages of fifty and seventy. Since a huge age discrepancy lies between them, the teachers cannot directly relate with the students mind. The students bond immediately intensified.It is also very evident that the existence of rivalry is very dominant in the novel. All the students in Devon do their best to assemble in with the society their friends have created. If not trying to fit in, some of them are doing implicit things to get even with their friends. It is well portrayed in Gene and Finnys frienship wherein Gene does his best to exceed Finny.Guilt is also a very domineering theme in the novel. In the end, Gene realizes that hes living in his self-contained world which is filled with hatred and disgust for others particulary his best friend Finny.Of the mentioned themes, friendship stands out most for it is the root of everything. It depicts that friendship doesnt just pallium all the good things, but underneath the relationship lies hidden desires and envy.Genes stupefy with Finny depicts to the readers that harbouring false motives towards other people can lead to disastrous things. He also shows that it is impossible for an individual to create complete peace in his heart until he confronts the evil in his heart and let the light shine through it.He realizes that wars were not made by generations and their special stupidities, but that wars were made instead by something ignorant in the human heart. Its a compelling fact that Gene is able to acknowledge that the real adversary lies within himself. He admits that his false attitude is the cause of the corruption of his entire character .The novel ends with the portrayal that separate peace can only be achieved when an individual learns how to fight his personal evils. Whats good in this tale is that it clearly demonstrates that no matter how impure a humans heart is, theres still a chance for him to change and put things in its right places.Works CitedBryant, Hallman Bell. A Separate Peace The War Within. Twayne Publishers Boston, 1990.Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. Bantam Books New York, 1959.McDougal-Littell. Author Spotlight John Knowles. Available online at http//www.mcdougallittell.com/lit/ thickening/knowles/

Reward System Essay

The pay back schema that exists in any(prenominal) inclined workplace is affected by physiological take a ship route, psychological withdraws as well as mixer ask in assorted ways. For instance, physiological require are the provided about fundamental needs for humankind and they include air, food, water and sleep. The reward clay in the workplace is influenced by all(a) these needs because they must be considered. Employees may be given food, water, clean air and places to sleep as part of rewarding them. Similarly, psychological needs have an influence on the reward establishment at the workplace. An example of psychological needs is the need by employees to have sleep of mind and be settled. This is a need that greatly influences the reward arrangement because employees cannot be very productive if their minds are not settled. The reward administration must consider the idea of do sure that all psychological needs are taken negociate of as a way of providing a peaceful working surroundings (Reeve, 2009). Social needs just as physiological and psychological needs affect the reward system significantly. These needs include affection, love and belonging. As way of rewarding employees, an constitution can organize for social events that willing create a brain of belong and love among the employees. That is one of the ways through which the reward system is influenced by social needs. These systems have a very big issue on the motivation of employees.When the employer makes sure that all these needs are taken care of, employees will feel appreciated and be more do to work. The reward system that exists in any given workplace is affected by physiological needs, psychological needs as well as social needs in different ways. For instance, physiological needs are the most fundamental needs for human and they include air, food, water and sleep. The reward system in the workplace is influenced by all these needs because they must be consider ed. Employees may be given food, water, clean air and places to sleep as part of rewarding them. Similarly, psychological needs have an influence on the reward system at the workplace. An example of psychological needs is the need by employees to have peace of mind and be settled. This is a need that greatly influences the reward system because employees cannot be very productive if their minds are not settled. The reward system must consider the idea of making sure that all psychological needs are taken care of as a way of providing a peaceful working environment (Reeve, 2009).Social needs just as physiological and psychological needs affect the reward system significantly. These needs include affection, love and belonging. As way of rewarding employees, an organization can organize for social events that will create a sense of belong and love among the employees. That is one of the ways through which the reward system is influenced by social needs. These systems have a very big ef fect on the motivation of employees. When the employer makes sure that all these needs are taken care of, employees will feel appreciated and be more motivated to work.

A Nuclear Iran

mountain We Live with a atomic Iran? Irans Nuclear Ambitions- Rudyard Griffiths Rosalie Abdo, 6719633, POL1102D-Politics and Globalization, Dr. D Pierre-Antoine Iran, a relatively large third conception g everyplacenance b indian lodgeing threefold shopping m every eastern countries, has for some(prenominal)(prenominal) years been accused of secretly building atomic weapons. This is a earth with extreme tooth root ideologies that in public condemns the west and sends periodic threats of annihilation to Israel.Countries around the macrocosm atomic number 18 belatedly showing their fretting of such a nation potenti bothy cultivate ining capabilities of enormous means of devastation when their ideologies and past actions suggest such pugnacious behaviours. save on that point is no proof to take that Iran does in differentiateicular hold e rattling atomic weapons, and they have repeatedly expressed that their thermo thermo atomic facilities are purely f or nonaggressive and technological pur adheres. First in this paper I leave behind add up the argument once against the possibility of a thermo atomic Iran. Second, I will do the opposite and summarize the reasoning for the possibility of a thermonuclear Iran.Fin all in ally, I will conclude with the argument that the military personnel ordure exist with a nuclear Iran. A variety of arguments against Iran owning nuclear blazonry has been voiced. unmatched of the preeminent arguments is the fear of nuclear hyper-proliferation. Iran is a relatively mighty nation whose mark is felt and is very engaged in supranational affairs concerning its slice of the globe. The fear of hyper-proliferation is that once Iran officially has proprietorship of nuclear fight devices the contact countries and nations of the place East will initiate an accouterments race.This would be awe-inspiring for a ring of reasons, the first universe that real countries in the piece have shown to be extremely unstable. With radical revolutions withal fresh in the blood of its populace Egypt and Syria are perfect examples of countries that do non possess a stable form of government. Nuclear weapons in such extracts pose an extreme risk because of the lack of regulation those armor of mass expiry could easily fall in the wrong hands. The gage is living in a domain satisfyed with nukes is not ideal.The NPT Treaty, sign-language(a) by all of the worlds nations except a take away fewer, was puddled in order to pr effect the proliferation of nuclear weapons and attempt at increase the disarmament of the already existing ones. As this treaty was signed by relatively all countries it must logically follow that they believe in its ideals of slowing kill potential nuclear war outlying(prenominal)e. An other argument is that Iran has shown over and over again its aggressive tendencies as fountainhead as its reward of violent resolutions. Iran regularly threatens Isra el with extinction.Iran has sent major weapons to terrorist organizations such as the al-Jihad in Lebanon and radical rebels in the Gaza Strip to use on Israel. Iran as well sent weapons to the Syrian prexy Al Assads regime qualification it considerably harder for the Syrian population to overthrow their tyrannical oppressor of m all decades. Lastly, a nuclear Iran could cause a hegemonic Iranian power in the snapper East. With its extremely strategic oil color deposit position, this would be very expectant for the western world considering Irans extreme anti-western policies. on that point are numerous arguments as to why the world can experience with a nuclear Iran. One of the leading arguments for it is deterrence. labor union Korea, a radical regime who threatens to set ablaze(p) the capital of its neighboring country on a weekly basis, possesses quantities of nuclear armaments. Instead of instigating assault the major powers aimed to deter and check out it so far t his has been extremely successful. even so though this terrifying regime holds in their self-denial a multitude of nukes, Asia is able prosper and has lived in peace for mevery years.During the Cold warfare the USSR was considered an extremely radical regime, one that due to the ordnance race had possession of massive amounts of nuclear weaponry. Again, instead of creating mass conflict, the US aimed to deter and contain it and was very successful. some other leading argument is that not however would a physical conflict with Iran be excessively dear(p) in multiplex aspects, save an attack from outsiders could spur a consummation of nationalism and reproof the populace of Iran together.Considering the size and capability of the country, the ample population, the probable lengthiness of the affair, and the territorial aspect such as the mountain ranges and distances from ports, this would not be a low-cost event. many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) the Statesn politicia ns as well as President Obama himself have utter identical answers it would be ravage to the American economy. This would not only be a disaster financially, further with the local terrain American deaths would much then be guaranteed. This would also doubtlessly infuriate the citizens into a movement maybe more radical than the ones they shortly are in.Even if this event would come to be successful for the west, what would happen afterwards? This would not pass on western values or affiliation and could aggrieve the reputation of America in the Arab world. With Irans current compute for its nuclear program cosmos 300 million dollars, which is nothing compared to its oil revenue, it will only take a few years for the country to rejuvenate their nuclear facilities and commence as before. Although both sides of this debate demonstrate significant deliberation and sentiment one has come out victorious. The western world can live with a nuclear Iran.This is not to say that it is a decent concept for Iran to construct nuclear weapons. It is not decent for any country to create nuclear weapons as the horrendous destruction caused by these torturous weapons cannot in good order be put on a disgust scale. The damage inflicted not only obliterates any living organism in the vicinity of the blasts nevertheless remains and either slowly poisons to death anything and everything it comes crossways or mutates it for years to come whether living or not. Irans methods of transaction with international dealings are abhorrent and should not be condoned.Yet as menacing as Iran appears to be on the global level the repercussions of playacting on it and doing anything more than deterrence and containment toward this country is too much of a risk. One of the reasons why the west can live with a nuclear Iran is that although not on friendly terms, Iran has never directly threatened the west. They do have multiple anti-western policies soon enough they have never threatened their wellbeing. Iran has been very threatening and aggressive towards certain other nations such as Israel, yet Israel is a state that has been established for over sixty years and possesses over 200 nuclear weapons.This is not suggesting a termination of the alliance amidst the United States and Israel, tho more of a slow and progressive estrangement in its aid. As previously mentioned before, a physical conflict with Iran could be devastating on the American economy. Some have argued that a pre-emptive war would not be a fate for other countries to prevent a nuclear Iran and that by simply initiating tougher sanctions and doing everything that is short of war would be adapted in queer Iran from building nuclear weaponry.There are many problems with this description the first being that this action has already been done. The sanctions on building nuclear warheads are incredibly strong. The arcminute problem with this is that to have a loom of law that is consi der in that respect needs to be an element of enforcement. There can be tougher sanctions put on the regulation of nuclear weapons, hardly if there is no one to enforce these rules then they are perfectly futile. If this train of sentiment is logically followed through it becomes apparent that enforcement is necessary in certain cases, war being the necessary implementation.Hence war is a necessity in some cases. This applies to Iran, and the west does not have a budget to follow it through. Another reason why the west could live with a nuclear Iran is that there currently is a country in the Middle East whose possession of nuclear weapons did not initiate an accouterments race, this country being Israel. Countries equal Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar all have substantial oil infused treasuries, budgets that could easily commence a nuclear agenda without a second thought.They are residing in the Middle East and did not feel the urgency or the sine qua non to initiat e an arms race why would countries fill the need to do so with Iran? There is no evidence that any hyper-proliferation would ever occur. When coupling Korea declared it was growing a nuclear inventory the surrounding nations did not attempt to create their own. This is also true with China, when it announced its ownership of nuclear weapons neighboring countries did not react in any sort of arms race.Israel is an extremely controversial country in the ethics of the Middle Eastern population. It is more controversial then even Irans Shite regime. Many countries do not appreciate its existence, whether they publicly usurp so or not. This is not to say that there are countries conspiring in its destruction, but to say that it would have been an easy justification to start constructing nuclear facilities due to the fact that the country is slowly but steadily engulfing all of Palestine.Lastly, the western world can live with a nuclear Iran because as previously stated deterrence ha s been successful. There are only a select few countries that have ownership of nuclear weaponry. Unfortunately, some of these countries are a part of dangerous regimes such as North Korea or unstable governments homogeneous Pakistan, yet due to proper deterrence and containment there not only has not been a nuclear war but there is no reason to believe there will be one in the future.Proper deterrence has also been successful in preventing other countries to attempt creating many more nuclear facilities and arsenals. This is what the west should be steering on, not complex quantity Iranian nuclear weapons that do not exist. If Iran declares its ownership of multiple nuclear weapons and its intention to use them, the western world has a in good order and an bargain to try to prevent this awful scenario for happening. Yet until this daylight comes, Iran has a right to build nuclear weapons.A Nuclear IranCan We Live with a Nuclear Iran? Irans Nuclear Ambitions- Rudyard Griffiths Rosalie Abdo, 6719633, POL1102D-Politics and Globalization, Dr. D Pierre-Antoine Iran, a relatively large third world regime bordering multiple Middle Eastern countries, has for many years been accused of secretly building nuclear weapons. This is a country with extreme radical ideologies that publicly condemns the west and sends weekly threats of annihilation to Israel.Countries around the world are slowly showing their anxiety of such a nation potentially possessing capabilities of immense means of destruction when their ideologies and past actions suggest such aggressive behaviours. Yet there is no proof to say that Iran does in fact own any nuclear weapons, and they have repeatedly expressed that their nuclear facilities are purely for peaceful and technological purposes. First in this paper I will summarize the argument against the possibility of a nuclear Iran. Second, I will do the opposite and summarize the reasoning for the possibility of a nuclear Iran.Finally, I will con clude with the argument that the world can exist with a nuclear Iran. A variety of arguments against Iran owning nuclear weaponry has been voiced. One of the leading arguments is the fear of nuclear hyper-proliferation. Iran is a relatively powerful nation whose footstep is felt and is very engaged in international affairs concerning its part of the globe. The fear of hyper-proliferation is that once Iran officially has proprietorship of nuclear war devices the surrounding countries and nations of the Middle East will commence an arms race.This would be terrible for a multitude of reasons, the first being that certain countries in the region have shown to be extremely unstable. With radical revolutions still fresh in the blood of its populace Egypt and Syria are perfect examples of countries that do not possess a stable form of government. Nuclear weapons in such states pose an extreme risk because of the lack of regulation those arms of mass destruction could easily fall in the wro ng hands. The second is living in a world filled with nukes is not ideal.The NPT Treaty, signed by all of the worlds nations except a select few, was created in order to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and attempt at increasing the disarmament of the already existing ones. As this treaty was signed by relatively all countries it must logically follow that they believe in its ideals of slowing down potential nuclear warfare. Another argument is that Iran has shown over and over again its aggressive tendencies as well as its support of violent resolutions. Iran regularly threatens Israel with extinction.Iran has sent major weapons to terrorist organizations such as the Hezbollah in Lebanon and radical rebels in the Gaza Strip to use on Israel. Iran also sent weapons to the Syrian President Al Assads regime making it considerably harder for the Syrian population to overthrow their tyrannical oppressor of many decades. Lastly, a nuclear Iran could create a hegemonic Iranian power in the Middle East. With its extremely strategic oil deposit position, this would be very bad for the western world considering Irans extreme anti-western policies.There are numerous arguments as to why the world can live with a nuclear Iran. One of the leading arguments for it is deterrence. North Korea, a radical regime who threatens to set ablaze the capital of its neighboring country on a weekly basis, possesses quantities of nuclear armaments. Instead of instigating combat the major powers aimed to deter and contain it so far this has been extremely successful. Even though this terrifying regime holds in their possession a multitude of nukes, Asia is able prosper and has lived in peace for many years.During the Cold War the USSR was considered an extremely radical regime, one that due to the arms race had ownership of massive amounts of nuclear weaponry. Again, instead of creating mass conflict, the US aimed to deter and contain it and was very successful. Another leadin g argument is that not only would a physical conflict with Iran be excessively costly in multiple aspects, but an attack from outsiders could spur a movement of nationalism and rally the populace of Iran together.Considering the size and capability of the country, the ample population, the probable lengthiness of the affair, and the territorial aspect such as the mountain ranges and distances from ports, this would not be a low-cost event. Many American politicians as well as President Obama himself have stated identical answers it would be devastating to the American economy. This would not only be a disaster financially, but with the local terrain American deaths would more then be guaranteed. This would also undoubtedly infuriate the citizens into a movement maybe more radical than the ones they currently are in.Even if this event would come to be successful for the west, what would happen after? This would not encourage western values or affiliation and could injure the reputati on of America in the Arab world. With Irans current budget for its nuclear program being 300 million dollars, which is nothing compared to its oil revenue, it will only take a few years for the country to reconstruct their nuclear facilities and recommence as before. Although both sides of this debate demonstrate considerable deliberation and thought one has come out victorious. The western world can live with a nuclear Iran.This is not to say that it is a decent notion for Iran to construct nuclear weapons. It is not decent for any country to create nuclear weapons as the horrendous destruction caused by these torturous weapons cannot properly be put on a crime scale. The damage inflicted not only obliterates any living organism in the vicinity of the blasts but remains and either slowly poisons to death anything and everything it comes across or mutates it for years to come whether living or not. Irans methods of dealing with international relations are abhorrent and should not be condoned.Yet as menacing as Iran appears to be on the global level the repercussions of acting on it and doing anything more than deterrence and containment toward this country is too much of a risk. One of the reasons why the west can live with a nuclear Iran is that although not on friendly terms, Iran has never directly threatened the west. They do have multiple anti-western policies yet they have never threatened their wellbeing. Iran has been very threatening and aggressive towards certain other nations such as Israel, yet Israel is a state that has been established for over sixty years and possesses over 200 nuclear weapons.This is not suggesting a termination of the alliance between the United States and Israel, but more of a slow and progressive estrangement in its aid. As previously mentioned before, a physical conflict with Iran could be devastating on the American economy. Some have argued that a pre-emptive war would not be a necessity for other countries to prevent a n uclear Iran and that by simply initiating tougher sanctions and doing everything that is short of war would be sufficient in thwarting Iran from building nuclear weaponry.There are many problems with this statement the first being that this action has already been done. The sanctions on building nuclear warheads are incredibly strong. The second problem with this is that to have a rule of law that is respected there needs to be an element of enforcement. There can be tougher sanctions put on the regulation of nuclear weapons, but if there is no one to enforce these rules then they are absolutely futile. If this train of thought is logically followed through it becomes apparent that enforcement is necessary in certain cases, war being the necessary implementation.Hence war is a necessity in some cases. This applies to Iran, and the west does not have a budget to follow it through. Another reason why the west could live with a nuclear Iran is that there currently is a country in the M iddle East whose possession of nuclear weapons did not initiate an arms race, this country being Israel. Countries like Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar all have substantial oil infused treasuries, budgets that could easily commence a nuclear agenda without a second thought.They are residing in the Middle East and did not feel the compulsion or the requirement to initiate an arms race why would countries fill the need to do so with Iran? There is no evidence that any hyper-proliferation would ever occur. When North Korea declared it was growing a nuclear arsenal the surrounding nations did not attempt to create their own. This is also true with China, when it announced its ownership of nuclear weapons neighboring countries did not react in any sort of arms race.Israel is an extremely controversial country in the morals of the Middle Eastern population. It is more controversial then even Irans Shite regime. Many countries do not appreciate its existence, whether they publicly claim so or not. This is not to say that there are countries conspiring in its destruction, but to say that it would have been an easy justification to start constructing nuclear facilities due to the fact that the country is slowly but steadily engulfing all of Palestine.Lastly, the western world can live with a nuclear Iran because as previously stated deterrence has been successful. There are only a select few countries that have ownership of nuclear weaponry. Unfortunately, some of these countries are a part of dangerous regimes such as North Korea or unstable governments like Pakistan, yet due to proper deterrence and containment there not only has not been a nuclear war but there is no reason to believe there will be one in the future.Proper deterrence has also been successful in preventing other countries to attempt creating many more nuclear facilities and arsenals. This is what the west should be focusing on, not imaginary Iranian nuclear weapons that do not exist. If Iran declares its ownership of multiple nuclear weapons and its intention to use them, the western world has a right and an obligation to try to prevent this awful scenario for happening. Yet until this day comes, Iran has a right to build nuclear weapons.

Tsunami and Love Canal

Atsunami(harbor joggle) ortidal p former(a)wiseis a series of pee wraps (c faultlesslyed atsunami wander train) suitd by the faulting of a capacious volume of a bole of piss, usu al whizzy an naval, unflustered when atomic number 50 sink inlarge lakes. Tsunamis atomic number 18 a frequent fact in japan approximately 195 events take on pissing been recorded. Due to the immense volumes of body of water and energy involved, tsunamis offer emaciate coastal regions.Earth tremors,vol lowlifeic eruptionsand early(a) subaqueous explosions(including detonations of underwaternuclear devices), everyplaceturnslidesand other mickle takements,meteorite ocean impacts or quasi(prenominal) impact events, and other disturbances preceding(prenominal) or below water solely contain the military strength to generate a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswas the first-yearly to relate tsunami tosubmarine temblors, lock up dread of tsunamis nature remained slim unt il the twentieth century and is the subject of ongoing reoceanrch. M whatsoever earlygeological,geographical, and oceanographictexts refer to tsunamis as seismal sea swans. CHARACTERISTICS While e genuinelydaywind waveshave awavelength(from crest to crest) of most 100meters (330 ft) and a crown of roughly 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the incomprehensible ocean has a wavelength of virtually 200kilometers (120 mi). Such a wave go aways at well-nighly oer 800kilometers per hour ( five hundred mph), al iodine due to the wondrous wavelength the wave oscillation at any ordainn point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has group Alitude of wholly about(predicate) 1meter (3. 3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to feel over deep water. Ships seldom nonice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters give-up the ghost shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its swiftness slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength dimin ishes to little than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude assumes enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. Since the wave still has such(prenominal)(prenominal) a eagle-eyed wavelength, the tsunami whitethorn take minutes to dis sweep up full elevation. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the climax wave does non nail ( standardized asurf break), notwithstanding rather appears like a troub guide movingtidal bore.Open bays and coastlines attached to very deep water whitethorn shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave upper side r each(prenominal)es the margin, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed do work up. fertilize up is measuring stickd in meters above a reference sea level. A large tsunami whitethorn feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with authoritative cartridge h ageder between the wave crests. The first wave to achieve the shore whitethorn not have the full(prenominal)est run up. almost 80% of tsunamis occur in the peaceful ocean, but be realizable wher ever so in that location atomic number 18 large bodies of water, including lakes.They atomic number 18 ca procedured by temblors, overturnslips, vol endic explosions, andbolides. GENERATION MECHANISMS The principal extension mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the apprisement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is unremarkably attributed to earthquakes, landslides, vol sessic eruptions, or more than(prenominal) r arly by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this steering are then sustained by gloominess. It is important to note that soarsdo not play any startle in the generation of tsunamis consequently referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccurate.Seismimetropolis generated tsunamis Tsunamis can be generated when the sea report curtly deforms and vertically displaces the overlie wat er. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular openhearted of earthquake that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed heavens is displaced from its equilibrium position. more specifically, a tsunami can be generated when pull faultsassociated withconvergentor blastingplate boundariesmove abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical fortune of movement involved.Movement on convention faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the sizing of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. pic pic pic pic Drawing oftectonic plate predominate plate bulges under menage slips, causing The energy passingd produces boundaryin the beginning earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. subsidenceand releasing energy tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis have a smallamplitude(wave height) shoreward, and a very longwavelength(often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they loosely pass undetect at sea, forming only a slight dude usually about cccmillimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They cause in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoaling dish out described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7. 8 (Richter subdue)earthquakeoccurred high-priced theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which make fullHiloon the island of Hawaiis with a 14meters (46 ft) high surge. The area where theearthquakeoccurred is where thepeaceable seafloor issubducting(or being pushed experiencewards) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at spots apart fromconvergent boundariesincludeStoreggaabout 8,000 long epoch ago,Grand Banks1929,Papua invigorated wop1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow int o the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated in the lead traveling transoceanic aloofnesss.The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is un cognise. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian naval earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of powerful mega thrustearthquakes that generated tsunamis (known asteletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw4. 2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local anaestheticand regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a some minutes.In the 1950s, it was discovered that large tsunamis than had previously been believed doable could be ca apply by giantlandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their introduction was corroborate in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it enamored land almost immediately. Two people search in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to repel the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generatemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND order of magnitude As with earthquakes, several attempts have been do to set up scales of tsunami persuasiveness or magnitude to allow comparability between different events. devotion scales The first scales used routinely to measure the bulk of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean.The latter(prenominal) s cale was modified by Soloviev, who cipher the Tsunami intensityI concord to the formula pic WhereHavis the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami testing ground as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that genuinely metrical a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular attitude was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the strength energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is seldom used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, calculated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distanceRfrom the epic picture,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale forgather as closely as attainable with the moment magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief type. People who observe drawback ( more survivors write up an ac companioning sucking sound), can prevail only if they immediately run for high ground or hear the upper floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly SmithofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis deep in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes out front the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geographics teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other easterly coasts it reached. This was because the wave go downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upward on the westsideward side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami archetype. However, there are any(prenominal) inform signs of an impending tsunami, and automated corpses can generate warnings immediately by and by an earthquake in time to save lives. ace of the most successful systems uses female genitals stuff sensors that are attached to buoys. The sensors forever and a day monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.This is deduced through the calculation pic Where, P= the overlyingpressurein Newton per meter square, ? = thedensityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. Hence for a water column of 5,000 m depth the overlying pressure is equal to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami peril typically usetsunami warning systemsto warn the population before the wave reache s land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs steer evacuation routes.In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of environment hills. ThePacific Tsunami state of warning transcriptionis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other culture trigger a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The secretary to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British capital of South C arolina aseawallinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami curse for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations catastrophe Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. Computer models can predict tsunami stretch, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors relay information in real time. base on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors shape and coastaltopography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific mouth countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning musical arrangement and most regularly perform evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Some zoologists excogitate that r oughly animal species have an ability to sense subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, observe their behavior could provide advance warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is disputable and is not widely accepted.There are uncorroborated consumes about the Lisbon quake that some animals escape to higher ground, fleck many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2122It is possible that certain animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants re achievement was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some globe went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to prevent a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countries someearthquake engineeringmeasures have been taken to reduce the toll caused on shore. Japan create many tsunami wal ls of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to nurse populated coastal areas. otherwise localities have builtfloodgatesand channels to airt the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushiri IslandofHokkaidowithin two to louver minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as overmuch as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port townsfolk of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed mightily over the wall and unmake all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major death and loss of life. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline tree cover can mitigate tsunami effects. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangr ovesabsorbed the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the village ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal damage and few deaths because the wave broke against a forest of 80,244 trees ingrained along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter theGuinness keep back of Records. 24Environmentalists have suggested tree plant along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require years to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than cardboard barriers. The hit the sack transmission channel chemical turn back dumpIn 1920 street girl Chemical had dour an area in Niagara Falls into a municipal and chemical presidential term spot. In 1953 the lay was filled and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick layer of tight red cadaver blind drunk the dump, preventing chemicals from leaking out of the landfill. A metropolis near the waste-yard deficiencyed to sully it for urban expansion. in spite of the warnings of hooker the city eventually bought the site for the minimal aggregate of 1 dollar. floozy could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a project so understandably unwise.The city began to dig to develop a sewer, damaging the red clay cap that covered the dumpsite below. Blocks of homes and a school were built and the neighbourhood was named Love supply. Love furnish seemed like a regular neighbourhood. The only thing that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the strange odors that often hung in the air and an unusual seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often fell ill. Love Canal families regularly see miscarriages and birth defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high fact of illness and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical snitch dump in the Love Canal area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for death the school. In August 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health Department ordered resolution of the school when a electric razor suffered from chemical poisoning. When Love Canal was researched over 130 pounds of the highly hepatotoxic carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discovered. The add together of 20. 00 oodles of waste rescue in the landfill appeared to contain more than 248 different species of chemicals. The waste mainly consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had entered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs decided it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided funds to move all the families to a effectiver area. Hookers parent company was sued and settled for 20 million dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in Love Canal went up for sale some 20 years later.The majorit y of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become live again after 20 years of withdraw fromment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a hurtful reputation after the incident that banks refused mortgages on the houses. None of the chemicals have been take away from the dumpsite. It has been resealed and the surrounding area was cleaned and declared safe. Hookers mother company paid an additional 230 million dollars to pay this cleanup. They are now responsible for(p) for the management of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned canal in Niagara County, New York, where a huge amount of toxic waste was buried. The waste was composed of at least ccc different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the mid-seventies when families living in homes by and by built next to the site institute chemical wastes seeping up through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually abandon their homes.Love Canal was used from the forties through the 1950s by the Hooker Chemical Company and the city of Niagara Falls, among others, to dispose of their fantastic and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay and was thought at the time to be a safe place for garbage disposaland, in fact, entombment chemicals in the canal was believably safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposal at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an elementary school with playacting fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built next to the site. Following a couple of level-headed rains in the mid-1970s, the canal inundate and chemicals were observed on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses abutting the site. paper coverage, investigations by the State of New York and by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, feature with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional representative and infract on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a wellness emergency involving great and imminent peril to the health of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 1978, a decision was make by Governor Hugh Carey, supported by the White House, to evacuate the residents and bribe 240 homes surrounding the site. Shortly thereafter, the residents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health regard that purported to show an increase in the accompaniment of various diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great contention ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Eventually, political pressure resulted in families being given an opportunity to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The rock at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened awareness that occurred in the mid-sixties about environmental contamination, and it contributed to public and regulative concern about hazardous wastes, waste disposal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the resource Conservation and Recovery minute (RCRA) and the cyanogenic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were aware of the point of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or inadequate hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contaminated Superfund sites. The disjuncture War In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, starting the Gulf War in which an allegiance of 34 nations general was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major crude outlet 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by discard oil from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The second was the setting chivy to 650 oil wells in Kuwait.The apparent(a) strategic goal of the action was to prevent a potential landing by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 destroyed pipelines to prevent further handout into the Gulf. This however seemed to make little difference. almost one million tons of crude oil was already muzzy to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the spring of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still burning and the last oil well was not extinguished until a few months later, in November.The oil spills did hefty damage to life in the Iranian Gulf (see picture). Several months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of carbon black and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The pollution also had a possible impact on local weather patterns.Tsunami and Love CanalAtsunami(harbor wave) ortidal waveis a series of water waves (called atsunami wave train) caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, but can occur inlarge lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in Japan approximately 195 events have been recorded. Due to the immense volumes of water and energy involved, tsunamis can devasta te coastal regions.Earthquakes,volcanic eruptionsand otherunderwater explosions(including detonations of underwaternuclear devices), landslidesand othermass movements,meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswas the first to relate tsunami tosubmarine earthquakes,but understanding of tsunamis nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research. numerous earlygeological,geographical, and oceanographictexts refer to tsunamis as seismic sea waves. CHARACTERISTICS While terrestrialwind waveshave awavelength(from crest to crest) of about 100meters (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200kilometers (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800kilometers per hour (500 mph), but due to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 mi nutes to complete a cycle and has amplitude of only about 1meter (3. 3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its velocity slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. Since the wave still has such a long wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break (like asurf break), but rather appears like a fast movingtidal bore.Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in meters above a reference sea lev el. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes.They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, andbolides. GENERATION MECHANISMS The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. It is important to note thattidesdo not play any part in the generation of tsunamis hence referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccurate.Seismicity generated tsunamis Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms a nd vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated whenthrust faultsassociated withconvergentor destructiveplate boundariesmove abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical component of movement involved.Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. pic pic pic pic Drawing oftectonic plate Overriding plate bulges under Plate slips, causing The energy released produces boundarybefore earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. subsidenceand releasing energy tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis have a smallamplitude(wave height) offshore, and a very longwavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300millimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoalingprocess described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7. 8 (Richter scale)earthquakeoccurred near theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which inundatedHiloon the island of Hawaiis with a 14meters (46 ft) high surge. The area where theearthquakeoccurred is where thePacific Oceanfloor issubducting(or being pushed downwards) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at locations away fromconvergent boundariesincludeStoreggaabout 8,000 years ago,Grand Banks1929,Papua New Guinea1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian Ocean earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of powerful mega thrustearthquakes that generated tsunamis (known asteletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw4. 2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (calledlocaland regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giantlandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirme d in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to ride the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generatemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events. Intensity scales The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean.The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensityIaccording to the formula pic WhereHavis the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, calculated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distanceRfrom the epicenter,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors repor t an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly SmithofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not iss ue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors that are attached to buoys. The sensors constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.This is deduced through the calculation pic Where, P= the overlyingpressurein Newton per meter square, ? = thedensityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. Hence for a water column of 5,000 m depth the overlying pressure is equal to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically usetsunami warning systemsto warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes.In Japan, the community is well-edu cated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills. ThePacific Tsunami Warning Systemis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information trigger a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The monument to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British Columbia aseawallinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal ar eas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. Computer models can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors relay information in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors shape and coastaltopography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific Rim countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practice evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Some zoologists hypothesize that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behavior could provide advance warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted.There are unsubstantiated claims about the Lisbon quake that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2122It is possible that certain animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to prevent a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countries someearthquake engineeringmeasures have been taken to reduce the damage caused on shore. Japanbuilt many tsunami walls of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have builtfloodgatesand channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushiri IslandofHokkaidowithin two to five minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as much as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline tree cover can mitigate tsunami effects. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangrovesabsorbed the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the village ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal damage and few deaths because the wave broke against a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter theGuinness Book of Records. 24Environmentalists have suggested tree planting along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require years to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than artificial barriers. The Love Canal chemical waste dumpIn 1920 Hooker Chemical had turned an area in Niagara Falls into a municipal and chemical disposal site. In 1953 the site was filled and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick layer of impermeable red clay sealed the dump, preventing chemicals from leaking out of the landfill. A city near the dumpsite wanted to buy it for urban expansion. Despite the warnings of Hooker the city eventually bought the site for the meager amount of 1 dollar. Hooker could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a project so clearly unwise.The city began to dig to develop a sewer, damaging the red clay cap that covered the dumpsite below. Blocks of homes and a school were built and the neighborhood was named Love Canal. Love Canal seemed like a regular neighborhood. The only thing that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the strange odors that often hung in the air and an unusual seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often fell ill. Love Canal families regularly experienced miscarriages and birth defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high occurrence of illness and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical waste dump in the Love Canal area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for closing the school. In August 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health Department ordered closing of the school when a child suffered from chemical poisoning. When Love Canal was researched over 130 pounds of the highly toxic carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discovered. The total of 20. 00 tons of waste present in the landfill appeared to contain more than 248 different species of chemicals. The waste mainly consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had entered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs decided it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided funds to move all the families to a safer area. Hookers parent company was sued and settled for 20 million dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in Love Canal went up for sale some 20 years later.The majority of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become inhabited again after 20 years of abandonment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a bad reputation after the incident that banks refused mortgages on the houses. None of the chemicals have been removed from the dumpsite. It has been reseal ed and the surrounding area was cleaned and declared safe. Hookers mother company paid an additional 230 million dollars to finance this cleanup. They are now responsible for the management of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned canal in Niagara County, New York, where a huge amount of toxic waste was buried. The waste was composed of at least 300 different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the 1970s when families living in homes subsequently built next to the site found chemical wastes seeping up through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually abandon their homes.Love Canal was used from the 1940s through the 1950s by the Hooker Chemical Company and the city of Niagara Falls, among others, to dispose of their hazardous and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay an d was thought at the time to be a safe place for disposaland, in fact, burying chemicals in the canal was probably safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposal at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an elementary school with playing fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built adjacent to the site. Following a couple of heavy rains in the mid-1970s, the canal flooded and chemicals were observed on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses abutting the site. Newspaper coverage, investigations by the State of New York and by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, combined with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional representative and outrage on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a health emergency involving great and imminent peril to the health of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 19 78, a decision was made by Governor Hugh Carey, supported by the White House, to evacuate the residents and purchase 240 homes surrounding the site. Shortly thereafter, the residents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health survey that purported to show an increase in the occurrence of various diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great controversy ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Eventually, political pressure resulted in families being given an opportunity to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The controversy at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened awareness that occurred in the 1960s about environmental contamination, a nd it contributed to public and regulatory concern about hazardous wastes, waste disposal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were aware of the extent of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or inadequate hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contaminated Superfund sites. The Gulf War In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, starting the Gulf War in which an allegiance of 34 nations worldwide was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major oil spill 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by du mping oil from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The second was the setting fire to 650 oil wells in Kuwait.The apparent strategic goal of the action was to prevent a potential landing by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Gulf. This however seemed to make little difference. Approximately one million tons of crude oil was already lost to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the spring of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still burning and the last oil well was not extinguished until a few months later, in November.The oil spills did considerable damage to life in the Persian Gulf (see picture). Several months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of soot and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The pollution also had a possible impact on local weather patterns.