The Role of Computers in Manufacturing Engineering :: Technology

The Role of Computers in Manufacturing engineering scienceThe economic consumption of the electronic computer has had a positive impact on manufacturing engineering in many ways. Engineering is a margin applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. The term engineer denotes a person who has received professional training in pure and applied sciences. The first and biggest positive impact on engineering has been the use of Computer Numerical Control machines (CNC) computers were first introduced to these controls in the early 1970s. CNC machines typically re regularize or work in conjunction with some existing manufacturing process. For congresswoman before CNC machines a person using a drill press to machine holes would have to do a lot of work for themselves. They would have to place a drill in the drill chuck is secured in the spindle of the drill press. They can then select the desired speed for rotation, and activate the spindle. wherefore they manually pull on the quill lever to drive the drill into the work piece being machined. As you can see, there are a lot of manual steps required to use a drill press to drill holes. While this way may be acceptable for a small number of holes or parts. However, as quantities grow, so dose the likelihood for fatigue due to the tediousness of the operation. There are also more obscure machining operations that would require a much higher skill level of the person running the machining tool. The CNC machining center can be programmed to perform this operation in a much more automatic fashion. Everything that the drill press operator was doing manually will now be done by the CNC machine, including placing the drill in the spindle, activating the spindle, positioning the work piece under the drill, machining the hole, and turning off the spindle. CNC works from a source code made on a computer that you just save as a file on your disk and insert it into the machine. The code can be made using two antithetical ways, the first is just understanding the code, and by using the notepad program on you computer, you can just type it right out. This is the easiest way for very simple process, which doesnt require much code. The second way is by using computer aided drafting (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) programs on your computer.

Media :: essays research papers

The media has a profound influence on the decisions I cast. Whether it is what movie I see or what I plan on doing according to the weather, I look to the media and television news, in particular, for the answers. I also listen to the radio for updates on world events. The media help inning our world and the decisions we make by keeping leaders accountable. The media has a role in the decisions I make about politics, opinions on world issues, and how I occupy myself from day to day.In the 2005 Presidential election, both candidates had mass exposure to the media. They used their resources to force their issues and views heard. But, the incumbent, President Bush, had an advantage. He always had the media at his disposal. He already had invoke and face recognition. They have been with him since he was elected in 2000. For this reason, I think he had adequate coverage and time to situate his agenda heard and get voters interested in voting for him.I also depend on the many outlet s the media has to keep me certain on world event and other respite news. From the recent death of the Holy Father- Pope John Paul II, to the days traffic I need to know what is effecting me so I can make an informed decision on where I stand. They help to keep the pressing issues in perspective from both sides.I also need the local media to help get me through the day. From traffic to weather, the local media is the closest contact to what is happening all around my. The media is good about coving all the issues from the world to the cities and every where in between. The media helps me make a decision on movies, games, and a multitude of other consumer products.

Miguel De Cervantes :: essays research papers

Miguel de CervantesMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra, born September 29, 1547, was a Spanish novelist,dramatist, and poet. Cervantes was the author of the novel Don Quixote, amasterpiece of world literature that was a great influence to other renaissancewriters. Cervantes was born to a poor family in a town called Alcala de Hen bes.His sire was a surgeon who made little money to support the family . Withoutthe means for frequently formal education, Cervantes became a soldier. On his returnto Spain he worked at a series of government jobs that involved extensive travelin Andalucia. (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia) . His career as a public servantwas marked by as much misfortune as was his military career. Not till his afterwardsyears did Cervantes find a patron. It was then that he had the time to devoteto his writing.Cervantes was a literary experimenter. In 1568, when Cervantes was astudent, a number of his poems appeared in a volume published in Madrid tocommemorate the death of the S panish queen Elizabeth of Valois. In 1569 he wentto Rome, where in the following year he entered the service of Cardinal GiulioAcquaviva. Soon afterward Cervantes joined a Spanish regiment in Naples. Hefought in 1571 against the Turks in the naval battle in Lepanto, in which helost the use of his left hand. While returning to Spain in 1575, Cervantes wascaptured by Barbary pirates. He was taken to Algeria as a slave and held therefor ransom. (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia). He did however make severalunsuccessful escape attempts, but he was finally ransomed in 1580 by his familyand friends. Returning to Spain at the age of 33, Cervantes, despite his wartimeservice and Algerian adventure, was unable to obtain employment with a noblefamily. This was usually the consecrate presented to military veterans for theirdistinguished courage. Deciding to become a writer, he turned out poems andplays at a prodigious rate between 1582 and 1585 (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia).Few of these are stil l existent. His pastoral novel La Galatea (1585) gainedhim a reputation, but the proceeds from its sale were insufficient to supporthim. Cervantes then took government jobs, first furnishing goods to the fleet ofthe Armada and later collecting taxes. The government imprisoned him severaltimes because he failed to give a satisfactory explanation of his tax-collectingactivities. While in prison Cervantes conceived the idea for a story about amadman who imagines himself a knight-errant performing the splendid featsdescribed in medieval tales of chivalry.

Essay --

She climbed into the car and slowly slid the key into the ignition. After placing the car in reverse and backing out of the poorly situated parking spot, she realized she had no idea where she could possibly go. She slammed the car into park and stared at the concrete wall in front of her. An underground parking garage, she public opinion, how meethow long could I sit here before this place is considered a cemetery? She sat there contemplating the last six months, and everything that had led her to this tomb-like cement cell. She thought of her husband, or rather the man she married. She remembered how kind he used to be. She had met Vincent in her junior year of college at Yale. He was smart, funny, handsome, and genuinely interested in her everything that, at the time, she believed a man should be. Over the years he stopped being all of those things. He became pushy, while simultaneously paying her no attention. Luncheons, book clubs, rattle on she had quickly become so accustomed to these mundane things. She almost laughed remembering how boring her life had been before she met her. She was jolted from her daydreams of the past by a rapping at her window. Serena Please Ana come back. Im so sorry you saw that just please come back. It wasnt what it looked like I swear Serena begged. Ana had neer seen Serena this distressed looking, nor did she care. She gave her a solemn glance before she placed the car calmly into reverse and backed out of the parking space, ignoring the woman banging on the hood, begging her not to leave. She then drove up, out of the garage, and away from her tomb. She had no idea where she was going, but hell, anywhere was better than that place. The sunlight struck her hard ... ...ts. Serena cover herself with a nearby robe and ran toward her, but she couldnt hear anything but her own heartbeat in her ears. She had been paralyzed by what she saw. She could feel the hole lay out to rip in her chest as s he turned to run back down the steep stairs to the parking garage. She couldnt tell if anyone was following her or not. Ive got to get out of here, she thought, anywhere but here. She opened her eyes and looked into the window of the diner, and she finally decided that she needed coffee. As she walked to the bar seat, a petite and bouncy redhead came out of the kitchen and greeted her. Hey there My name is Angela. she said with a warm smile. You look like you could use some coffee. And on a wickedness as dead as this, I could use some company. What a beautiful smile, Ana thought, this could be the start of something beautiful.

Why Gender Matters in Understanding September 11th :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Usually when the word gender is used in a political sense often times what is described is the role of women in a certain aspect of politics. This paper is a look at certain social norms that are directly related to women and their rights that seem to allow and reserve terrorist. The idea of the article that I am basing this paper on is by Amy Caiazza Ph.D. who suggests that if we were to change some of our ways in society regarding women we might have been suitable to foresee the events of the September 11th attacks. Historically women have taken a back seat to men in almost every aspect of spirit we were always second choice. Fortunately for us as the time moves forward we see a dramatic increase in the role that women play in society today. Though our progress has been great t here are still women who are not satisfied with the place in society that women have. Locally here in the U.S. women have it pretty good and most of them tend not to complain but there are those feminist that want women abroad to be able to experience the same freedoms that the women of America enjoy and some times take for granted.Women in our traditional roles or as some may severalize in our natural state are kn experience as the child bearers, family care takers, household keeper, and nurturer of all. The list that I just stated is only the root of what a woman can do. In other countries for example in Afghanistan in 1997 when the now popular Taliban first came into power they put into practice a radical form of Islamic rule known as Sharia. This radical rule that they governed with limited women in so many ways the women of Afghanistan were not allowed to set up themselves. These women were also not allowed to participate in any form of activism and were not able to even have a physical position in their own society. When women have been found in violation of these rules the end results were never too good. In fact many women have been beaten and put to death at once they w ere caught breaking the rules. These acts of disrespect and violence against women are no secret to the United States of America. America jokingly is often called the world police and is known for sticking their cuddle in other peoples business but for some unknown reason they have taken no action against the Taliban for these injustices they are imposing on the women of Afghanistan.

Why Gender Matters in Understanding September 11th :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Usually when the word gender is used in a political sense often times what is described is the role of women in a certain aspect of politics. This paper is a look at certain social norms that are directly related to women and their rights that seem to allow and defy terrorist. The idea of the article that I am basing this paper on is by Amy Caiazza Ph.D. who suggests that if we were to change some of our ways in society regarding women we might have been suitable to foresee the events of the September 11th attacks. Historically women have taken a back seat to men in almost every aspect of life sentence we were always second choice. Fortunately for us as the time moves forward we see a dramatic increase in the role that women play in society today. Though our progress has been great t present are still women who are not satisfied with the place in society that women have. Locally here in the U.S. women have it pretty good and most of them tend not to complain but there are those fe minist that want women abroad to be able to experience the same freedoms that the women of America enjoy and some times take for granted.Women in our traditional roles or as some may ordinate in our natural state are kn avow as the child bearers, family care takers, household keeper, and nurturer of all. The list that I just stated is only the number 1 of what a woman can do. In other countries for example in Afghanistan in 1997 when the now popular Taliban first came into power they put into practice a radical form of Islamic rule known as Sharia. This radical rule that they governed with limited women in so many ways the women of Afghanistan were not allowed to set themselves. These women were also not allowed to participate in any form of activism and were not able to even have a physical position in their own society. When women have been found in violation of these rules the end results were never too good. In fact many women have been beaten and put to death once they were caught breaking the rules. These acts of disrespect and violence against women are no secret to the United States of America. America jokingly is often called the world police and is known for sticking their hooter in other peoples business but for some unknown reason they have taken no action against the Taliban for these injustices they are imposing on the women of Afghanistan.

Downfall of our public schools Essay

As much as we would like to be able to assert that Ameri coffin nail public schooltimes are the best in the world, time and time again we have been proven wrong, at least partially. The the Statesn arrangement of public schools is failing those it serves. It has failed to provide equal educational opportunities to all assimilators, it has failed to train them to shoot jobs and advanced careers, and it has failed to secure the future of American prosperity by failing utterly to create the kind of necessary professional and skilled labor dimension that is critical to our continued prominence as a nation.On structural, financial, and curricular levels, the system is not designed to succeed. What it does do well is prepare a genuinely small number of people who come from wealthy families to have any opportunity they want to take advantage of and leaves the vast majority of the nation to bear for itself often without the tools, support, or ability to do so.The American public sys tem of education bases its curriculum on several overarching principles generalization, point on the liberal arts, and an stress on individual achievement and self-selection (meaning that individual students determine the course of their own education and career path rather than being funneled into specific schools and programs as is parking lot in other countries). Each of these, philosophically, is designed to help students achieve the greatest level of self-reliance and independence while providing the broad liberal foundation that can be, theoretically, applied in any situation, in any calling.Those are the benefits of a liberal foundation, still the detriments are that without specialization in education, students arent able to focus intensely upon their particular subject area until as late as college, and perhaps a small core in high-school. The result is that students focusing on a general education for 12 years are allowed only 4-5 years of specialization (Browser, 10) . Other nations, notably Japan and Ger more, employ a system of education that, as early as elementary school, begins to identify potential school types and careers for students and puts them through specialization 4-6 years earlier than the US (Browser, 10).This results in many of these nations excelling in math and science where the U. S. falters. But, this is not the only point of failure of the U. S. system, the 2005 study of reading and mathematical proficiencies of 4th and 8th graders nationwide found that less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 40% of all students tested were grade-level proficient in those subjects (Standard & Poors, pNA). This figure gets worse when the schools are dominantly African-American or Hispanic in GraduationGraduation judge are similarly dismal only 69. 7% of American high school students matriculate (High School Graduation evaluate in the coupled States, pNA). The American public school curricula is failing its students. There are a variety of oppo rtunities throughout the continuum of public education to directly assist students in find out the career path that best suits not only their individual skills and needs, but those of the nation as well.In my own experience, I witnessed high school programs that taught industrial arts, and job-related programs that had been designed to provide students who would not be going to college with the skills necessary to enter the workforce upon graduation get cut out of the curricula entirely. The reasoning given was that the school wanted to focus on achieving higher(prenominal) levels of college entrance, and to increase the numbers of college-prep courses available.This, on paper, sounded great, but in reality it left many students completely without post-high school support. If the American dream requires college, then we are absolutely failing our students by allowing (in some districts) more than half of the population to fail out of school entirely. If we take a realistic look at how students could benefit from industrial arts, business training, home economics, and other job-related training, providing intensive specialization in high-school would allow for a much higher success rate and a higher graduation rate.Our system is failing its students in legal injury of investment in their present and their future. Schools get the majority of their accompaniment from locally levied evaluatees with additional state and federal support. It should be no surprise, then, that the districts with the largest tax base to population ratio results in a much larger amount of money available for schools than in districts with a low tax to population ratio. For example, in Nevada, there are two primary sources of funds for schools property tax and gambling revenue taxes.In districts with the highest value of homes, the tax base is very high, resulting in significantly more money per pupil available than in districts with less expensive homes or those dominated by apartme nts and low-income housing which do not pay nearly as much in property tax per occupant than do the more affluent communities (America Goes Back to School, pNA). The impact, then, is not only significant regional differences in the amount of money available per student, but these differences can be found at the district by district level throughout the entire country.Not surprisingly, those schools with the highest per-capita disbursal capability are similarly among the highest ranked schools in the nation (there are no inner city urban public schools in the top 100 high schools in the nation). Therefore, by failing to provide a balanced financial opportunity for every school district, we are pre-determining the level of success, graduation, and career opportunity for entire swaths of students.The poor, the Black and Hispanic, and the otherwise disadvantaged will remain so because they (as a community) will never be able to catch up in terms of opportunity and procedure with th e more successful communities until we balance the amount of money spent per student throughout the entire nation. On a structural and statistical level, in terms of money and curricular focus, our public school system is failing its students and the communities it is supposed to serve.Despite a continual focus on education, our graduation rates and basic skills passing rates are absolutely dismal. Our generalist curricula has absolutely failed to contribute meaningfully to reducing the massive gaps in our workforce. Finally, the severe imbalance in spending and available funds from district to district and community to community has led to a near permanent state of success and failure for the entire student population in each of those districts.Ultimately, then, the system has failed and is continuing to fail to properly educate, support, and allow our students to contribute to the betterment of society and our success in the international community. References Browser, Jack. Educ ating America Lesson Learned in the Nations Corporations. New York John Wiley and Sons, 1989. United States Department of Education. America Goes back to School www. ed. gov/Family/agbts/index. html. Online. Internet. Info Acc March, 2007. Standard & Poors.United States cosmos Schools & Districts How Students Performed on National Reading and Math Tests. SchoolMatters. com Online. Internet. Avail http//www. schoolmatters. com/app/location/q/stid=1036196/llid=162/stllid=676/locid=1036195/site=pes. Info Acc March 18, 2007. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. High School Graduation Rates in the United States. Manhattan-Institute. org. Online. Internet. Avail http//www. manhattan-institute. org/html/cr_baeo. htm. Info Acc March 19, 2007.

Riding the Winds of Change

If I had to choose two of the best traits that I confirm as a person, it would be my determination and my ability to shell out quite well with transition. There had been a point in my life history that these traits had been put to the test. It happened when I transferred from a liberal studies program in Florence, Italy into a communication theory program in New York City. When I made this shift, I really felt the pressure of struggling to be independent. Living life when you have no one to depend on but yourself is hard to imagine. It is even off harder to do.Nonetheless, it is only one of the many challenges I had to deal with as it is but a protrude of the greater demands of growing up and chooseing lifes lessons. All things considered, I had to say that I certainly felt more like an individualistic than I ever did when I was in Florence. For this, I would always take pride in going through that change in my life and victorfully overcoming the obstacles which came my way. I several(prenominal)how see myself in the character of Frederick Tubb. Otherwise known as Bootie, he is one of the characters in Claire Messuds novel entitled The emperor moths Children (Messud 160).He is the nephew of Murray Thwaite. He was an idealistic college dropout who was resolved leave a mark of his own. He came to New York City to do just this. He was start to significantly change the lives of the characters in the story in a way that no one ever though would be possible. He was able to split the foundations of those who seemed to have carefully secured their positions to be on top of the world. The moment the worlds of the most successful hoi polloi have collapsed, they were left with nothing but the wreckage of the material heaven they have traveled great lengths to build.The only thing that was left to do work on their individual self-redemption and brave the challenges ahead armed with an enlightened essence and soul as a result of knowing what really matters in life. Whenever lifes circumstances seem to pull all your defenses down, it is but raw(a) to feel devastated. When you have defied seemingly impossible odds just to prove your self to the rest of the world, it is heartbreaking to one day wake up and learn that all of your hopes and dreams for the future have already crumbled.Just when you thought that tomorrow will bring bountiful blessings, sometimes it presents the worst events you can not even dare to imagine. When enjoy all the comforts in life that the average individual can only hope for, there is no guarantee that your life will never take a drastic turn for the worst. Times are there when success is within reach today but it is some thing which is next to impossible the following day. But life is really hard even for those who are more fortunate than the others.Come to think of it, how do we really measure success? Does it only translate to material wealth? Personally, I do believe that it does have to be so. The real essen ce of success for me goes beyond the comforts of life that money can buy. Success can also be measured by how far one has tested his or her limits. When one has gathered enough strength to leave his or her comfort zone and start all over again giving another snap fastener at life, the positive outcome of such an endeavor would spell success.I may not own riches to the point that my neighbors would envy the life that I live but I had to say that I have tasted the sweetness of success in the span of my existence. My claims to fame my fail in comparison to certain people but I know what it feels like to be on top of the world. The moment I made one of the greatest transitions I ever did in my life, I must admit that I had my own share of fears and uncertainties of what lies ahead. However, my determination and ability to manage changes saw me through. Indeed, it was one of the most successful endeavors I have ever embarked on my lifes journey.

Cargills( Ceylon)

Cargills at a Glance Cargills (Ceylon) PLC is a Sri Lankan corporate established in 1844 and built on a unassailable foundation of values and ethics. Guided by trusted leadership it spearheads the sustainable development of the food industry in Sri Lanka. Its continuous investment in sell has made the Cargills retail arm Cargills Food City the largest retailer in the island in all categories. Pursuing innovation and food safety its manufacturing brands Cargills Supremo and Cargills Finest (processed meats) Cargills Kist (processed fruits and vegetables) and Cargills deceit (ice cream and dairy products) lead sectoral exploitation.Its KFC franchise is the largest international restaurant chain in Sri Lanka. Through its marketing and dispersion arm spread across the island Cargills distributes its make brands as well as internationally renowned food and non-food brands. The Cargills agribusiness model has gained global recognition for linking farmers and entrepreneurs to the mark et through a sustainable and comprehensive value creation process. Key business 1. Modern retailing 2. Manufacturing 3. Agri Business 4. Restaurants 5. Distribution Subsidiary Companies Cargills Quality Foods (Pvt) Ltd Cargills Distributors (Pvt) Ltd Cargills Quality Dairies (Pvt) Ltd Cargills Food Processors (Pvt) Ltd Cargills Food Services (Pvt) Ltd CPC Agrifoods Ltd CPC Lanka Ltd Cargills retail (Pvt) Ltd Millers Distributors Ltd Cargills (Ceylon) Plc (Cargills) operates in the retail chain of food stunnedlets. The company excessively engaged in food manufacturing and restaurant chain sectors. Cargills operates through its ten subsidiaries. Cargills is the official franchisee for Kentucky heat Chicken (KFC) in Sri Lanka. It too provides distribution and FMCG manufacturing services. The company also offers discount sales to its products.Cargills operates through its 116 outlets across 19 districts in Sri Lanka. Cargills is headquartered at Colombo, Sri Lanka Pricing and hand iness are what drives the economy of the fast food industry. They effectively penetrate markets with advertising campaigns that cater to a whole range of demographics that make them a need in high demand in almost all US geographic locations. With specialized and highly focused franchise management and vast distribution alley they can be established themselves in a new community almost overnight creating instant revenue and jobs wherever demand is present.Economic Characteristics OF THE FOOD AND drug RETAIL INDUSTRYIt is extremely important to understand what the dominant economic factors are in an industry in which you are participating. These factors have a very strong influence in determining the corporate strategies that a company will decide to implement. How can a corporation define and implement their corporate outline without understanding the environment of the market they are in? They simply can notThe economic factors to be considered are as follows market size, scope of hawkish rivalry, market harvest-festival rate, number of rivals, number of customers, degree of vertical integration, economies of home bases, resource requirements for market entry, and profitability of the industry. Each one of these factors will be defined in the following paragraphs. The supermarket retail market is a $363 billion industry(sales 2000). Approximately $272 billion in sales, or 75%, is achieved by 25 companies with 16,000 stores. The total number of retail market stores total 127,000.It is obvious that the market share is dominated by a select few corporations. The largest company is Kroger (11% market share), followed closely by Albertsons(9%), Safeway(6%), and make The number of rivals in this industry is becoming more important to recognize. According to Progressive Grocer, supermarket sales have increased 5. Gross margins are approximately 2% greater for a supermarket when they have access to a distribution center. In closing, the supermarket industry i s profitable. All indications in the research that I have done leads me to recall that sales have increased at the same pace in 2000 that it did in 1999.These companies manufacture some of their products in inventory. Because of the single-person and one-parent households, less people are frequenting the grocery stores and more people are eating out at restaurants. Kroger brand(private label) products account for approximately 25% of their grocery sales and almost 9% of drugs and general merchandise. Albertsontms has acquired American Food to increase their market share in the West region. Kroger is the only major supermarket operator to implement a three-tier distribution system. As stated above, the cover charge 25 companies capture 75% of the market.Safeway, SuperValu, and Kroger are the only companies that go even further upstream concerning vertical integration. They use these facilities to produce private label products. The growth has been driven by increasing affluence and the rise of a middle class the entry of women into the workforce with a consequent incentive to seek out easy-to-prepare foods the growth in the use of refrigerators, making it possible to shop weekly instead of daily and the growth in car ownership, facilitating journeys to distant stores and purchases of large quantities of goods.The opportunities presented by this potential have encouraged several European companies to invest in these markets (mainly in Asia) and American companies to invest in Latin America and China. Local companies also entered the market. 12 Initial development of supermarkets has now been followed by hypermarket growth. In addition there were investments by companies such as Makro and Metro in large-scale Cash-and-Carry operations.While the growth in sales of processed foods in these countries has been much more rapid than the growth in fresh food sales, the imperative nature of supermarkets to achieve economies of scale in purchasing, means that the expans ion of supermarkets in these countries has important repercussions for small farmers, particularly those exploitation perishable crops. New supply chains have developed involving glob formation development of specialized wholesalers leading farmers organizing supply and farmer associations or cooperatives.Cargills (Ceylon) entered the Business Today TOP 10 list a year agone at the tenth place and this year notched one place up to number nine. Having evolved from its original four department stores, Cargills (Ceylon) is today the fastest growing and largest retail chain in Sri Lanka. The company continues to invest in food and agriculture, and with the expansion of the retail outlets to 136 during the year, new opportunities were reportedly presented to more rural famers and entrepreneurs. The company is also actively participating in the revival of the Eastern Province with the opening of outlets in Batticaloa, Ampara and Trincomalee.At present Cargills has established its presenc e in 23 districts of the country. Cargills (Ceylon) owns and operates its own manufacturing and distribution arm. The company also owns the KFC franchise in Sri Lanka, and it introduced the first KFC drive-thru in the South Asia region. During the year a full year of operation of Millers Distribution was brought under the fill up of Cargills. An Island-wide reach and distribution capability of Millers is expected to help Cagills (Ceylon) further penetrate the market. Turnover of the company during the year was Rs 16 billion and profit after measure was Rs 499 million.

Importance of LAMP Fellowship

What are your educational and/or professional achievements? B) Why Is the LAMP knowledge the next step for you? C) What do you hope to learn through the LAMP Fellowship? D) How is the Fellowship relevant to your future goals? My education has played an Important role In shaping me developing critical thinking skills and decision making abilities. Having served as Finance Coordinator during Annual Technical Festival of my college I was exposed to different facets of organizing an fact and managing the team.I was selected as a student delegate for a inference on mode change and Kyoto Protocol and gave a presentation in a subject conference on Implementation of low cost water treatment faceless for Societies. Professionally y I have learned a litter and still continue to do so. Was winner of annual poster- presentation event organized by MM. I discussed the challenges faced by our utilities, technological solutions which can be Implemented. I was also acknowledged by management for the innovate Idea.I believe LAMP fellowship provides an ideal opportunity. My short term goal is also to work with Think-tanks/ governing/consulting companies in recommending form _or_ system of government framing and in this regard LAMP fellowship is ideal at this stage after which I would like to either work/ go for higher education In the domain of Public Policy. Since LAMP fellowship will be the perfect opportunity to understand our government functioning and equip myself in finding solutions, I am eager to pursue it.LAMP fellowship will provide me an opportunity to have a comprehensive understanding of how a insurance policy shapes up and hat goes beneath the framing of policy, the functioning of parliament and to understand the workings of PM. To have the opportunity to see my recommendation or questions or parameter being discussed in the ho procedure is also a great motivator. It presents the best opportunity at this stage for me to fit in my career goals. The policy-m aking climate has changed significantly and a lot of focus Is on good governance.It Is imperative to have clear understanding, perspectives and know-how as to how the government functions before making economic decisions. even off in future if I would eke to have a business in socially relevant sectors and it is imperative to understand the policy making process. Write a 500-word essay on any policy/legislative Issue that you have followed in the past year. Mention the objective and key features of the Issue and provide legal brief analysis. One of the major(ip) policies which I am keeping close eye on is Indians Energy Policy.It is one of the most important things and successful Implementation of this policy Is extremely vital. It Is largely defined by burgeoning energy deficit, gross Inefficiencies ND the focus on developing alternate source of energy. The recent black-out 1 bump off transmission systems. However, the scope of this essay is limited to the issue of distribution c ompanies. Indian discos are largely state-owned and massively indebted. A whopping 1, 70,000 lack scores is the metre estimated is the debt of State owned utilities.Key features that define the policy related to discos are 1) Inability to revise world-beater tariffs 2) High %age of distribution losses 28% and in some states 50% 3) Caters to pack sentiments ) More than 95% of discos are state-owned 5) Aging workforce 6) Inefficient grid 7) Inability to achieve state-wide energy accountability 8) Providing unaccounted power to unrealized colonies due to votes 9) Fleet inefficiencies and losses We will discuss some important points case-by-case Inability to revise power-tariffs is the outcome of it being vital parting of a middle-income families expenditure.It creates a furors among the ruling parties that they will lose votes. There is no case to suggest power tariffs can remain same when el prices from coal, steel, inhering gas, crude oil are rising. However, if our gross inef ficiencies in distribution are reduced we would be able to reach wider public and if there is surplus propagation it can be exported to have extra income. Also large number of coal plants are running at load factor of 50% where industry SST is 85%. More energy generation can be achieved through this. Transparent pricing should be promoted.Private sector should be promoted to get into distribution. Data creator in Delhi and RPG led SEC in Kola have minimum AT&C losses. These organizations ring competitive talent who has worked across the world and use best practices. Outsourcing of power distribution Just like in Bandied has also been significantly successful. More private players should be promoted. There is no economic and political sense in wasting tax payers money in inefficiency. Distribution losses should be minimized through energy accounting, smart metering, check on faulty metering, leakage in distribution and preventing power theft.Grids should be integrated with technol ogy to power addition from mint-grids and efficient energy transmission. Consistent adoption of detractor (Restructured Accelerated Power Distribution Reform Program)- Providing assistance to states for preparing the base-line data for using new technology tools in project areas having more than 4 lack people and annual input energy of the order of 350 MI-J. Providing assistance for renovation, modernization and strengthening of 11 xv level Substations, Transformers/ Transformer Centers, and re-conducting of lines at 1 1 xv level. These major issues affect the energy distribution policy in India.

What motivates people at work? Essay

There receive been a large number of theories tactile sensationing into motivation at work and the factors which affect it. In this essay I testament be exploring three key theories in the atomic number 18a, each provides a very different angle on what motivates employees at work.To begin I will look at a need speculation of motivation, Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory (1959), as the name suggests need theories concentrate on the needs of the employee as the briny source of motivation. Herzberg built upon Maslows hugely influential Hierarchy of Needs (1954). Conducting inquiry on 203 American accountants and engineers he looked at what makes employees satisfied and dissatisfied at work. Contrary to Maslows supposition Herzberg suggests that motivation is not measured on one linear scale from satisfied to dissatisfied, notwithstanding rather the two are independent of each other and form separate scales. The root group which determines dissatisfaction (or de-motivation) are name d Hygiene factors which overwhelm our basic needs such as our constitute and safety. The addition or improvement of hygiene factors can only lead to contentment in employees and not motivation.The second group which determines satisfaction are named Motivators, these include our internal needs such as our need to achieve, to be recognised and given responsibility. A decline or lack of motivators will not de-motivate employees, but adding them can lead to affixd motivation. Research on the speculation has provided both support and criticism. To begin with the theory is supported by the number of successful replications as reported by Hodgetts and Luthans (1991), these replications beat puzzlen place across the world and in a wide variety of different job sectors and still achieved the comparable results. The main area of criticism for the Two-Factor theory targets the methodology of the research it was derived from. Soliman (1970) pointed out that the tendency of subjects to give socially desirable answers would have impacted the answers participants gave to Herzbergs open end questions. In addition there is a tendency for people to attribute negative situations to others and positive to themselves e.g.I felt satisfactionwhen I achieved and was recognised for it or I was dissatisfied when the company paid me late. This biased attribution of satisfying and dissatisfying situations is another example of a problem with the methodology. More problems with the methodology are shown by House and Wigdor (1967). After re-analysing Herzbergs original results they concluded that factors described as being either a hygiene or motivator were not mutually exclusive. In many a(prenominal) cases the addition of Hygiene factors can act to motivate people, likewise a lack of Motivator factors can causes dissatisfaction. However as well as looking at the empirical research on the theory we must also think about its value when much utilise to the workplace.In support o f the theory it does, to a certain extent makes sense. If one month you miss out on pay or are unavoidable to do something dangerous you would be dissatisfied. At the same time employees do not feel satisfied or motivated by safe workings conditions or being paid on time because it is what they expect. The same goes for Motivator factors, an employee would feel more satisfied if they received a soulal compliment from the old geezer but it is unlikely that they would feel dissatisfied if it didnt happen. They certainly wouldnt expect it every day. Yet one key problem with the theory is that it fails to take into account the difference between satisfaction and motivation. An employee may be satisfied at work, they may obtain all the motivator factors outlined in the theory but this does not mean they will automatically be motivated to be as productive as they can be.Another criticism is that the theory does not account for case-by-case differences, employees are not all the sam e, some may be more materialistic and be motivated more by monetary reward. Some strive for achievement and are willing to do anything to gain the respect of their peers and high status deep down the business while others may be content with their job and just wish to keep their heads down and get on with it. Put simply, while being given responsibility may satisfy some people others may find it an unpleasant addition to their job. In summary the Two-Factor model and its supporting research have been found to have good re-test and cross cultural reliability but has been heavily criticised for its validity and methodology. Although this weakens the value of the theory it has still been extremely influential and can be pragmatically applied in most organizations as a method by which lag motivation can be monitored and improved.Next I am release to look at the Goal Setting Theory Locke (1969). The basic premise of the theory is that by orbit a finishing you can increase a persons motivation and death penalty. This increase in performance is due to the motivational influence of goals in 4 key areas (as cited in Woods 2010). The first is that goals help to focus a persons attention and behaviour in the correct direction. Secondly goals have the effect of increasing the effort a person is willing expend. Thirdly the addition of a goal increase the total of a time a person will spend on a specific task. Finally they motivate an individual to servek out and apply relevant knowledge and skills in rove to complete the goal. This is how the goal ambit theory explains why we are motivated by goals. In addition to this Locke and Latham (1990) put forward 5 key features of a goal which determine how do it is, to be effective goals must be1) Specific, a goal which gives a specific target is more motivating then goals which simply require a person to do your best. 2) Measurable, a measurable target enables a person to track their progress towards the goal and alte r their effort and method accordingly. 3) Time-Bound, applying a deadline to achieving the goal enables a person to better manage their time and effort. 4) Challenging, it is unlikely that an easy goal will motivate a person to put in maximum effort. By making the goal challenging people are push and required to work harder in order to achieve. 5) Attainable, having a goal which is hope little to achieve is likely to de-motivate a person, why would a person put effort in if they have no chance of success. It must be realistically possible to achieve goals. The theory provides a good detailed description of both how and why people are motivated.It has been one of the most widely researched areas within motivational psychology and is still very much an evolving area. Research by Latham and Baldes (1975) put the core assumption of the goal setting theory to the test in a real world setting. They introduced the goal of reaching 94% efficiency in the loading of trucks (previously at jus t 60%) to a group of employees in a logging company. The employees were motivated by the goal and successfully achieved (and often surpassed) it and continued to work consistently at the target rate. To have achieved the same increase in efficiency without Goal theory (by purchasing more trucks) would have cost the company $250,000. Another example of research supporting the Goalsetting theory comes from Blumenfeld and Leidy (1969).They found that 55 engineers in charge of soft drinks machines checked considerably more machines when set a goal then when no goal was set. Furthermore it was found that engineers checked more machines when set a challenging goal then if set an easy goal. A key problem with the methodology of both pieces of supporting research above is that there was little control over extraneous variables. For example Latham and Baldes (1975) did show a huge increase in productivity, but this may not have been due to the addition of a goal. Perhaps the competitive natu re of the loggers lead to an increase in efficiency, it may also have simply been down to the increased supervision the workers received at the time. Again it is important to look at the theory in terms of its practical application in the workplace. Its key strength is that it does appear to work as a method of increasing motivation, however again the theory fails to account for individual differences. Employees who are already highly motivated at work would benefit from goals being set it would push them and enable them to prove themselves.However other less confident employees may not enjoy the competitive nature of workplace goals and targets, it could even cause stress and discomfort and leads to a reduction in motivation. In addition, when you direct a persons attention and effort towards one specific goal you may get a decrease in performance in other tasks. A goal may not increase motivation but just direct it. For example if you give hospital staff the target of seeing all p atients within 10 minuets they may achieve the target but at the cost of service and quality of treatment. This would obviously be detrimental to the quality of work on the solid. A final point to consider is that all employees have different levels of ability so in order for goals to push an employee but still remain achievable they must be individually tailored.As well as being impractical in a large business Equality theories (discussed next) would suggest that giving some people easier targets than others may actually lead to a reduction in motivation. On the whole Goal Theories are very useful and practical when applied in the right circumstances. Perhaps one weakness of both the theory and supporting research is in its inability to account for causes of demotivation in an organization. However the research shows that goals do motivate people at work, yet when applied to an organizational environment we see possibledrawbacks and potential difficulties which are difficult to ov ercome.The final theory I am going to examine is the Organizational Justice Theory which builds upon the equity theory put forward by Adams (1963). The Organizational Justice theory has been constructed from theory and research contributed by a significant number of psychologists, certainly too many to list in their entirety. However two key contributors worth noting are Greenberg (1987a) who coined the term Organizational Justice and conducted much of the early research and Mowday (1987) (cited in Greenberg 1990) who has had a significant impact on the theory. The core belief of the theory is that employees can be motivated (or de-motivated) by their perception of how fairly they are being treat at work in comparison to their colleagues. The theory suggests three different types of justice which can be perceived. The first is Distributive Justice, which looks at the extent to which an employee thinks they are being fairly rewarded for the work they put in compared to others, the t heory suggest that a person will either increase or decrease their level of input in order to balance out and restore equality.The second is Procedural Justice, this looks at how fair a person feels the procedures and systems are within a business, for example is holiday date allocation fair. The third is Interactional Justice, this is the least researched area and compromises of two parts Informational Justice describes how well informed a person is about the decisions taken within a business, using holiday as an example again it may be explained to an employee why they can not have the holiday they asked for. Interpersonal Justice describes the extent to which someone feels they are treated with respect. As with the Goal setting theory there has been a considerable amount of research put into Organizational Justice theory. In a recent study Zapata-Phelan, Colquitt, Scott and Livingston (2009) (cited in Woods 2010) looked at how procedural and interaction justice constituted motiv ation and in turn performance. They found that when a person perceived high procedural justice in an organization there was an increase in motivation, leading to an increase in performance.

Retailmax

RetailMax usage for Cam bowman and Regan Kessel Sabrina Brown Professor Lahargoue Grand Canyon University LDR-610 March 13, 2013 RetailMax Role for Cam Archer and Regan Kessel What is RetailMax? RetailMax, Inc. is a young Boston- based association that provides merchandise, optimization software, and assistance with tasks such as preseason planning inventory management, product pricing, and forecasting customer demands to major(ip) retailers. RetailMax was founded in 1984 as a consulting company and transiti unriv whollyedd to a software company in 1998.Like many other software companies, RetailMax was forced to downsize in areas that were non flat involved with making or selling software, however since hiring Todd Elman as the new CEO, the company bounced back and were able to guide more than 100 employees to work (2006). Who is Cam Archer? Cam Archer started working at RetailMax within a business development capacity where she managed strategic alliances and partnerships aft er just graduating with her MBA from a leading business school.In the agency Cam was in, she has a very true reputation from both internally and by her customers that she is very smart, diligent, and valuable individual (2006). However, after years of being in a sales position Cam finalised to start exploring other options at RetailMax where he stern stay with the company exclusively change to another position with little or no traveling required. Who is Regan Kessel? Regan is the Vice President of Product Management and Marketing (PMM) for RetailMax, Inc. , Regan has 20 years of experience working in the industry.Regan founded his own retail supply chain software company, which was sold to IBM in 1996. Since then has developed product and marketing strategies for numerous supply chain companies, and recently worked with a Dallas-Based company commuting to Texas from home base to Boston. Todd approached Regan to come aboard with RetailMax and he did accept the offer. Who has t he greatest potential power and why? Between Vince Mangini, the Vice President of skipper Services (PS) and Regan Kessel, the Vice President of Product Management and Marketing (PMM), Regan Kessel has the greater potential power.Why? Because if one sit back and take a hard impression at what each has to offer Cam, Vince only has to offer more money verses Regan, he has much more to offer Cam. Vince not only offers a good salary, but room for growth if Cam ever decides to move up the ladder. Vince offers slight or no traveling which what Cam was originally looking for and her purpose of wanting to align another position. Also, Cam is able to report to Vince directly other than having to report to an individual over her first, then to Vince.In comparing who portrays what type of power, Cam portrays Personal and Expert power which comes from her experiences, skills, and or knowledge. Cam not only gained experience in particular areas, but she became known as leader material in a ccredited areas because of how effective she was when making sells. Therefore, over time she began to portray having expert power in which can be utilized to catch others to help meet certain goals as well. Regan portrays to have referent Power.Regan does not come off as a person that you can trust, but being that he took the time off to research a dependable salary for Cam not only based on her education but her experience as well seems as if he is an individual one can certainly trust and know you are going to be treated fairly. Vince portrays Formal and Coercive Power. Vince knew Cam wanted to obtain a position in which does not require little are no traveling. However, he insisted on making her an offer by using dollar figures. Vince also made smart comments to Cam such as If you try to sit on two chairs at one time, you are going to end up on the floor.This comment does not allow Cam to make the right decision based on what she feels is best for her this comment is saying loo k you know you cannot do both jobs at one time so you consume to hurry up and decide what you want to do for Vince benefit. Did stereotypical gender roles influence either party to proceed in a certain manner? Explain how they did or did not act stereotypically. No, gender roles did not influence either party to proceed in certain manners it was about who can get Cam and how much she is leading to make to be a part of their organization.Regan wanted Cam because of her success rate in what she did, and intentional that he knew she was looking for a new position and was highly recommend by the CEO he was testamenting to give her a chance in a new position. Vince wanted Cam because of her success rate as well however he was willing to offer Cam more money but less stability in which she will still be traveling, and not able to report to him directly, and with no room for growth. What social factors (such as reputation, the prior relationship among the parties, and their mutual tie s to others in the organization, including the CEO) affected each persons power?The social factors that affected Regan was when he found out his other colleague Mangini knew that he was going to hire Cam, but then he decided to offer her another position with a higher salary. I know this is business, but that was a little alter to do. Cam has been with the company for a longtime, therefore she has more of an advantage than others when applying for other positions. This is how she was able to get an offer from Regan being that he knew the CEO and he asked Regan to give him a chance even in this new position. In reading both articles, assumptions were not really made from each side.Basically, what was discussed between them all was pertaining to business choices. Cam had to decide in which direction she wanted to go while Reagan, Mangini, and Todd wait for a finalized decision. Archer should be interested in the Marketing position because it will alter her for room for success, it w ill give her more time having a social life, and less travel. This position will strengthen her power once she gets the title. With the title will come respect Kessel should definitely hire Archer being that Archer has reported not only to be a success factor for the company, but her reputation all together speaks by itself.Kessel will do great things if Archer comes on board. If Kessel hires Archer the proven work that Archer has done in the past, individuals will definitely sit back and watch how will do things as a team together. What positive effect might hiring an external applicator instead have on Kessels power? If Kessel hires someone externally this should not do anything as far as power is concern. It just shows that things happen and we all need to move on. Therefore, if Kessel really want Archer to work for him, he should offer him the highest he can offer him for that position and offer to pay commission. This will even out at the end eventually.Archer should accept th e Marking Position being that this is something that was always planned when it comes to less or no traveling. Archer need to sit down and just take a really look at things. Money is not everything especially y when you are making a good salary already. After considering all of the above, evaluate who employ social power most effectively and why. Out of all the individuals mentioned, Mangini showed the most social power. How? Mangini used not only his position, but his salary as well of what he can offer Cam to bribe Cam to work for him. Mangini even said little remarks to Cam to get Cam to come his way.Cam has to realize being in Marketing is where the heart is, and just because Mangini can offer more money, is what you really want to do with no room for growth, reporting to someone else other that Mangini, and still traveling. My mom use to always say, what look good to you is not always good for you. References McGinn, Kathleen L. , and Dina R. Pradel. RetailMax Role for Regan K essel. Harvard Business give instruction Exercise 904-025, May 2006. (Revised from original September 2003 version. ) McGinn. , and Witter. RetailMax Role for Cam Archer. Harvard Business School (2006).

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 21-23

CHAPTER 21The Mona Lisa.For an endorsement, standing in the exit stairwell, Sophie forgot all intimately trying to leave the Louvre.Her shock all oer the anagram was matched provided by her embarrassment at not having deciphe violent the contentedness herself. Sophies expertise in complex cryptanalysis had caused her to overlook simplistic discussion games, and yet she knew she should have seen it. After all, she was no stranger to anagrams especially in position.When she was young, often her granddaddy would use anagram games to h atomic number 53 her English spelling. formerly he had scripted the English word planets and told Sophie that an astonishing sixty-two other English words of varying lengths could be formed using those same letters. Sophie had spend three days with an English dictionary until she found them all.I cant imagine, Langdon said, staring at the printout, how your granddaddy created such an intricate anagram in the minutes earlier he died.Sophie knew the explanation, and the realization do her feel eventide worsened. I should have seen thisShe now recalled that her gramps a wordplay aficionado and art lover had entertained himself as a young homophile by creating anagrams of famous works of art. In fact, one of his anagrams had gotten him in trouble once when Sophie was a small-scale girl. While being interviewed by an American art magazine, Sauniere had expressed his distaste for the modernist Cubist movement by noting that Picassos masterpiece Les Demoiselles dAvignon was a perfect anagram of smelly meaningless doodles.Picasso fans were not amused.My grandfather probably created this Mona Lisa anagram enormous ago, Sophie said, glancing up at Langdon. And tonight he was forced to use it as a improvised code.Her grandfathers voice had called out from beyond with chilling precision.da Vinci Da Vinci The Mona LisaWhy his final words to her referenced the famous painting, Sophie had no idea, but she could think of onl y(prenominal) one possibility. A disturbing one.Those were not his final words .Was she supposed to visit the Mona Lisa? Had her grandfather left her a means there? The idea seemed dead plausible. After all, the famous painting hung in the Salle diethylstilboestrol Etats a private viewing chamber accessible only from the Grand Gallery. In fact, Sophie now complete, the doors that exposed into the chamber were situated only twenty meters from where her grandfather had been found dead.He easily could have visited the Mona Lisa before he died.Sophie gazed back up the emergency stairwell and matte up torn. She knew she should usher Langdon from the museum immediately, and yet instinct urged her to the contrary. As Sophie recalled her first childhood visit to the Denon Wing, she realized that if her grandfather had a mystical to recite her, few places on ground made a more apt rendezvous than Da Vincis Mona Lisa.Shes just a little bit further, her grandfather had whispe redness, clutching Sophies tiny hand as he led her through the deserted museum after hours.Sophie was six years old. She felt small and insignificant as she gazed up at the enormous ceilings and smoothen at the dizzying floor. The empty museum frightened her, although she was not to the highest degree to let her grandfather know that. She set her jaw firmly and let go of his hand.Up ahead is the Salle des Etats, her grandfather said as they approached the Louvres about famous room. contempt her grandfathers evident excitement, Sophie wanted to go home. She had seen pictures of the Mona Lisa in books and didnt want it at all. She couldnt lowstand why foreveryone made such a fuss.Cest ennuyeux, Sophie grumbled.Boring, he corrected. French at school. English at home.Le Louvre, cest pas chez moi she challenged.He gave her a tired laugh. Right you are. Then lets speak English just for fun.Sophie pouted and kept walking. As they entered the Salle des Etats, her look scanned the narrow ro om and settled on the obvious spot of honor the center of the right-hand wall, where a lone portrait hung behind a protective Plexiglas wall. Her grandfather paused in the doorway and motioned toward the painting.Go ahead, Sophie. not many people stick a chance to visit her alone.Swallowing her apprehension, Sophie moved slowly across the room. After everything shed heard about the Mona Lisa, she felt as if she were approaching royalty. Arriving in front of the protective Plexiglas, Sophie held her breather and looked up, taking it in all at once.Sophie was not sure what she had expect to feel, but it most certainly was not this. No jolt of amazement. No instant of wonder. The famous face looked as it did in books. She s tood in silence for what felt standardised forever, waiting for something to happen.So what do you think? her grandfather whispered, arriving behind her. Beautiful, yes? Shes too little. Sauniere smiled. Youre little and youre beautiful.I am not beautiful, she t hought. Sophie hated her red hair and freckles, and she was bigger than all the boys in her class. She looked back at the Mona Lisa and shook her head. Shes even worse than in the books. Her face is brumeux.Foggy, her grandfather tutored.Foggy, Sophie repeated, knowing the conversation would not continue until she repeated her new vocabulary word.Thats called the sfumato style of painting, he told her, and its very hard to do. Leonardo Da Vinci was better at it than anyone.Sophie still didnt gradered the painting. She looks like she knows something like when kids at school have a secret.Her grandfather laughed. Thats part of why she is so famous. People like to guess why she is smiling.Do you know why shes smiling?Maybe. Her grandfather winked. Someday Ill tell you all about it. Sophie stamped her foot. I told you I dont like secrets Princess, he smiled. Life is filled with secrets. You cant learn them all at once.Im going back up, Sophie declared, her voice hollow in the stairwel l. To the Mona Lisa? Langdon recoiled. Now? Sophie considered the risk. Im not a murder suspect. Ill take my chances. I need to understand what my grandfather was trying to tell me.What about the embassy?Sophie felt guilty turning Langdon into a fugitive only to abandon him, but she saw no other option. She pointed down the stairs to a metal door. Go through that door, and follow the illuminated exit signs. My grandfather used to bring me down here. The signs go out lead you to a security turnstile. Its mono billingal and opens out. She handed Langdon her car keys. Mine is the red SmartCar in the employee lot. Directly outside this bulkhead. Do you know how to go away to the embassy?Langdon nodded, eyeing the keys in his hand.Listen, Sophie said, her voice softening. I think my grandfather may have left me a message at the Mona Lisa some self-aggrandising-minded of clue as to who killed him. Or why Im in danger. Or what happenedto my family. I have to go see.But if he wanted to tell you why you were in danger, why wouldnt he simply write it on the floor where he died? Why this complicated word game?Whatever my grandfather was trying to tell me, I dont think he wanted anyone else to hear it. Not even the police. Clearly, her grandfather had do everything in his power to send a confidential transmission instantly to her.He had written it in code, included her secret initials, and told her to find Robert Langdon a wise command, considering the American symbologist had deciphered his code. As strange as it may sound, Sophie said, I think he wants me to get to the Mona Lisabefore anyone else does. Ill come. No We dont know how long the Grand Gallery will stay empty. You have to go.Langdon seemed hesitant, as if his own academic infrequency were threatening to override sound judgment and drag him back into Faches hands.Go. Now. Sophie gave him a grateful smile. Ill see you at the embassy, Mr. Langdon. Langdon looked displeased. Ill meet you there on one co ndition, he replied, his voice stern. She paused, startled. Whats that?That you stop calling me Mr.Langdon.Sophie detected the faint hint of a lopsided grin growing across Langdons face, and she felt herself smile back. Good luck, Robert.When Langdon reached the landing place at the buns of the stairs, the unmistakable smell of linseed oil and plaster dust assaulted his nostrils. Ahead, an illuminated SORTIE/EXIT displayed an arrow pointing down a long corridor.Langdon stepped into the hallway.To the right gaped a murky restoration studio out of which peered an army of statues in various states of repair. To the left, Langdon saw a suite of studios that resembled Harvard art classrooms rows of easels, paintings, palettes, framing wights an art assembly line.As he moved down the hallway, Langdon wondered if at any moment he might awake with a start in his recognise in Cambridge. The entire evening had felt like a bizarre dream. Im about to dash out of the Louvrea fugitive.Saunie res clever anagrammatic message was still on his mind, and Langdon wondered what Sophie would find at the Mona Lisaif anything. She had seemed certain her grandfather meant for her to visit the famous painting one more time. As plausible an interpretation as this seemed, Langdon felt haunted now by a troubling paradox.P. S. lift Robert Langdon.Sauniere had written Langdons name on the floor, commanding Sophie to find him. But why? besides so Langdon could help her break an anagram?It seemed quite unlikely.After all, Sauniere had no reason to think Langdon was especially skilled at anagrams. Weve neer even met.More important, Sophie had stated flat out that she should have broken the anagram on her own. It had been Sophie who spotted the Fibonacci sequence, and, no doubt, Sophie who, if given a little more time, would have deciphered the message with no help from Langdon.Sophie was supposed to break that anagram on her own.Langdon was suddenly feeling more certain about this, and yet the conclusion left an obvious gaping lapse in the logic of Saunieres actions.Why me? Langdon wondered, heading down the hall. Why was Saunieres dying wish that his estranged granddaughter find me? What is it that Sauniere thinks I know?With an unlooked-for jolt, Langdon stopped short. Eyes wide, he dug in his pocket and yanked out the computer printout. He stared at the last line of Saunieres message. P. S. Find Robert Langdon. He fixated on two letters. P. S. In that instant, Langdon felt Saunieres puzzling mix of symbolism fall into stark focus. Like a peal of thunder, a careers worth of symbology and history came crashing down around him. Everything Jacques Sauniere had done tonight suddenly made perfect sense.Langdons thoughts raced as he tried to assemble the implications of what this all meant. Wheeling, he stared back in the direction from which he had come.Is there time?He knew it didnt matter.Without hesitation, Langdon broke into a sprint back toward the stairs.CHAP TER 22Kneeling in the first pew, Silas pretended to pray as he scanned the layout of the recourse. Saint- Sulpice, like most churches, had been built in the shape of a giant Roman cross. Its long central section the nave led directly to the chief(prenominal) altar, where it was transversely intersected by a shorter section, known as the transept. The intersection of nave and transept occurred directly beneath the main cupola and was considered the heart of the church her most sacred and mystical point.Not tonight, Silas thought. Saint-Sulpice hides her secrets elsewhere.Turning his head to the right, he gazed into the south transept, toward the open area of floor beyond the end of the pews, to the object his victims had described.There it is.Embedded in the gray granite floor, a thin polished strip of brass glistened in the stone a golden line slanting across the churchs floor. The line bore graduated markings, like a ruler. It was a gnomon, Silas had been told, a pagan astronom ical device like a sundial. Tourists, scientists, historians, and pagans from around the world came to Saint-Sulpice to gaze upon this famous line.The Rose Line.Slowly, Silas let his eyes trace the path of the brass strip as it made its way across the floor from his right to left, slanting in front of him at an uncouth angle, entirely at odds with the symmetry of the church. Slicing across the main altar itself, the line looked to Silas like a slash wound across a beautiful face. The strip cleaved the communion rail in two and then crossed the entire width of the church, finally reaching the corner of the north transept, where it arrived at the base of a most unexpected structure.A colossal Egyptian obelisk.Here, the glistening Rose Line took a ninety-degree vertical turn and continued directly up the face of the obelisk itself, ascending thirty-three feet to the very tip of the pyramidical apex, where it finally ceased.The Rose Line, Silas thought. The brotherhood hid the keystone at the Rose Line. former tonight, when Silas told the Teacher that the Priory keystone was hidden inside Saint- Sulpice, the Teacher had sounded doubtful. But when Silas added that the brothers had all given him a precise location, with relation to a brass line trial through Saint-Sulpice, the Teacher had gasped with revelation. You speak of the Rose LineThe Teacher quickly told Silas of Saint-Sulpices famed architectural oddity a strip of brass that segmented the sanctuary on a perfect north-south axis. It was an ancient sundial of sorts, a vestige of the pagan temple that had once stood on this very spot. The suns rays, shining through the oculus on the south wall, moved farther down the line every day, indicating the passage of time, from solstice to solstice.The north-south stripe had been known as the Rose Line. For centuries, the symbol of the Rose had been associated with maps and guiding souls in the proper direction. The Compass Rose drawn on almost every map indicated North, East, South, and West. Originally known as the Wind Rose, it de checkd the directions of the thirty-two winds, blowing from the directions of eight major winds, eight half-winds, and sixteen quarter-winds. When diagrammed inside a circle, these thirty-two points of the compass perfectly resembled a traditional thirty-two petal rose bloom. To this day, the fundamental navigational tool was still known as a Compass Rose, its northernmost direction still marked by an arrowhead or, more commonly, the symbol of the fleur-de-lis.On a globe, a Rose Line also called a meridian or longitude was any imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole. There were, of course, an place number of Rose Lines because every point on the globe could have a longitude drawn through it connecting north and south poles. The question for early navigators was which of these lines would be called the Rose Line the zero longitude the line from which all other longitudes on earth would be measured. Today that line was in Greenwich, England. But it had not of all time been. Long before the establishment of Greenwich as the prime meridian, the zero longitude of the entire world had passed directly through Paris, and through the Church of Saint-Sulpice. The brass marker in Saint-Sulpice was a memorial to the worlds first prime meridian, and although Greenwich had stripped Paris of the honor in 1888, the original Rose Line was still visible today.And so the story is true, the Teacher had told Silas. The Priory keystone has been said to lie beneath the Sign of the Rose.Now, still on his knees in a pew, Silas glanced around the church and listened to make sure no one was there. For a moment, he thought he heard a rustling in the choir balcony. He turned and gazed up for several seconds. Nothing.I am alone.Standing now, he faced the altar and genuflected three times. Then he turned left and followed the brass line due north toward the obelisk.At that moment, at Leonardo D a Vinci International Airport in Rome, the jolt of tires hitting the runway startled Bishop Aringarosa from his slumber.I drifted off, he thought, impressed he was relaxed enough to sleep.Benvenuto a Roma,the intercom announced.Sitting up, Aringarosa straightened his black cassock and allowed himself a rare smile. This was one trip he had been happy to make. I have been on the defensive for too long.Tonight, however, the rules had changed. however five months ago, Aringarosa had feared for the future of the Faith. Now, as if by the will of God, the solution had presented itself.Divine intervention.If all went as planned tonight in Paris, Aringarosa would soon be in possession of something that would make him the most powerful man in Christendom.CHAPTER 23Sophie arrived breathless outside the large wooden doors of the Salle des Etats the room that housed the Mona Lisa.Before entering, she gazed reluctantly farther down the hall, twenty yards or so, to the spot where her grandfather s body still lay under the spotlight.The remorse that gripped her was powerful and sudden, a deep sadness laced with guilt. The man had reached out to her so many times over the past ten years, and yet Sophie had remained immovable leaving his letters and packages unopened in a bottom drawer and denying his efforts to see her. He lied to me Kept appalling secrets What was I supposed to do? And so she had blocked him out. Completely.Now her grandfather was dead, and he was talking to her from the grave.The Mona Lisa.She reached for the huge wooden doors, and pushed. The entryway yawned open. Sophie stood on the threshold a moment, scanning the large rectangular chamber beyond. It too was bathed in a soft red light. The Salle des Etats was one of this museums rare culs-de-sac a dead end and the only room off the pose of the Grand Gallery. This door, the chambers sole point of entry, faced a dominating fifteen-foot Botticelli on the far wall. Beneath it, centered on the parquet floo r, an immense octagonal viewing divan served as a welcome rest for thousands of visitors to rest their legs while they admired the Louvres most valuable asset.Even before Sophie entered, though, she knew she was missing something. A black light.She gazed down the hall at her grandfather under the lights in the distance, surrounded by electronic gear. If he had written anything in here, he almost certainly would have written it with the watermark stylus.Taking a deep breath, Sophie hurried down to the well-lit crime scene. Unable to look at her grandfather, she focused solely on the PTS tools. Finding a small ultraviolet penlight, she slipped it in the pocket of her sweater and hurried back up the hallway toward the open doors of the Salle des Etats.Sophie turned the corner and stepped over the threshold. Her entrance, however, was met by an unexpected sound of dim footsteps racing toward her from inside the chamber. Theressomeone in here A ghostly figure emerged suddenly from out of the reddish shock. Sophie jumped back.There you are Langdons hoarse whisper newspaper clipping the air as his silhouette slid to a stop in front of her. Her relief was only momentary. Robert, I told you to get out of here If Fache Where were you? I had to get the black light, she whispered, holding it up. If my grandfather left me a message Sophie, listen. Langdon caught his breath as his blue eyes held her firmly. The letters P. S . do they mean anything else to you? Anything at all?Afraid their voices might echo down the hall, Sophie pulled him into the Salle des Etats and closed the enormous twin doors silently, sealing them inside. I told you, the initials mean Princess Sophie.I know, but did you ever see them anywhere else? Did your grandfather ever use P. S. in any other way? As a monogram, or maybe on letter paper or a personal item?The question startled her. How would Robert know that? Sophie had indeed seen the initials P. S. once before, in a kind of monogram. It wa s the day before her ninth birthday. She was secretly combing the house, searching for hidden birthday presents. Even then, she could not bear secrets kept from her. What did Grand-pere get for me this year? She dug through cupboards and drawers. Did he get me the doll I wanted? Where would he hide it?Finding nothing in the entire house, Sophie mustered the cou vexation to sneak into her grandfathers bedroom. The room was off-limits to her, but her grandfather was downstairs asleep on the couch.Ill just take a fast peekTiptoeing across the creaky wood floor to his closet, Sophie peered on the shelves behind his clothing. Nothing. adjacent she looked under the bed. Still nothing. Moving to his bureau, she opened the drawers and one by one began pawing carefully through them. There must be something for me here As she reached the bottom drawer, she still had not found any hint of a doll. Dejected, she opened the final drawer and pulled aside some black clothes she had never seen him wear. She was about to close the drawer when her eyes caught a glint of gold in the back of the drawer. It looked like a pocket watch chain, but she knew he didnt wear one. Her heart raced as she realized what it must be.A necklaceSophie carefully pulled the chain from the drawer. To her surprise, on the end was a brilliant gold key. Heavy and shimmering. Spellbound, she held it up. It looked like no key she had ever seen. Most keys were flat with jagged teeth, but this one had a triangular column with little pockmarks all over it. Its large golden head was in the shape of a cross, but not a normal cross. This was an even-armed one, like a plus sign. Embossed in the middle of the cross was a strange symbol two letters intertwined with some kind of flowery design.P. S. , she whispered, scowling as she read the letters. Whatever could this be?Sophie? her grandfather spoke from the doorway.Startled, she spun, dropping the key on the floor with a loud clang. She stared down at the key , afraid to look up at her grandfathers face. I was facial expression for my birthday present, she said, hanging her head, knowing she had betrayed his trust.For what seemed like an eternity, her grandfather stood silently in the doorway. Finally, he let out a long troubled breath. Pick up the key, Sophie.Sophie retrieved the key.Her grandfather walked in. Sophie, you need to respect other peoples privacy. Gently, he knelt down and took the key from her. This key is very special. If you had lost itHer grandfathers quiet voice made Sophie feel even worse. Im no-account, Grand-pere.I really am. She paused. I thought it was a necklace for my birthday.He gazed at her for several seconds. Ill say this once more, Sophie, because its important. You need to learn to respect other peoples privacy.Yes, Grand-pere.Well talk about this some other time. Right now, the garden needs to be weeded. Sophie hurried outside to do her chores. The next morning, Sophie received no birthday present from h er grandfather. She hadnt expected one, not after what she had done. But he didnt even wish her happy birthday all day. Sadly, she trudged up to bed that night. As she climbed in, though, she found a note card lying on her pillow. On the card was written a simple riddle. Even before she resolved the riddle, she was smiling. I know what this is Her grandfather had done this for her last Christmas morning.A treasure huntEagerly, she pored over the riddle until she solved it. The solution pointed her to another(prenominal) part of the house, where she found another card and another riddle. She solved this one too, racing on to the next card. Running wildly, she darted back and forth across the house, from clue to clue, until at last she found a clue that order her back to her own bedroom. Sophie dashed up the stairs, rushed into her room, and stopped in her tracks. There in the middle of the room sat a shining red bicycle with a ribbon tied to the handlebars. Sophie shrieked with del ight.I know you asked for a doll, her grandfather said, smiling in the corner. I thought you might like this even better.The next day, her grandfather taught her to ride, running beside her down the walkway. When Sophie steered out over the thick lawn and lost her balance, they both went tumbling onto the grass, rolling and laughing.Grand-pere,Sophie said, hugging him. Im really sorry about the key.I know, sweetie. Youre forgiven. I cant possibly stay mad at you. Grandfathers and granddaughters always forgive each other.Sophie knew she shouldnt ask, but she couldnt help it. What does it open? I never saw a key like that. It was very pretty.Her grandfather was silent a long moment, and Sophie could see he was uncertain how to answer.Grand-pere never lies. It opens a box, he finally said. Where I keep many secrets. Sophie pouted. I hate secrets I know, but these are important secrets. And someday, youll learn to appreciate them as much as I do.I saw letters on the key, and a flower.Y es, thats my favorite flower. Its called a fleur-de-lis. We have them in the garden. The white ones. In English we call that kind of flower a lily.I know those Theyre my favorite tooThen Ill make a deal with you. Her grandfathers eyebrows raised the way they always did when he was about to give her a challenge. If you can keep my key a secret, and never talk about it ever again, to me or anybody, then someday I will give it to you.Sophie couldnt believe her ears. You will?I promise. When the time comes, the key will be yours. It has your name on it. Sophie scowled. No it doesnt. It said P. S. My name isnt P. S. Her grandfather lower his voice and looked around as if to make sure no one was listening. Okay, Sophie, if you must know, P. S. is a code. Its your secret initials.Her eyes went wide. I have secret initials?Of course. Granddaughters always have secret initials that only their grandfathers know. P. S. ? He tickled her. Princesse Sophie.She giggled. Im not a princess He winke d. You are to me. From that day on, they never again spoke of the key. And she became his Princess Sophie.Inside the Salle des Etats, Sophie stood in silence and endured the sharp pang of loss. The initials, Langdon whispered, eyeing her strangely. Have you seen them? Sophie sensed her grandfathers voice whispering in the corridors of the museum. Never speak ofthis key, Sophie.To me or to anyone.She knew she had failed him in forgiveness, and she wondered if she could break his trust again. P. S. Find Robert Langdon.Her grandfather wanted Langdon to help. Sophie nodded. Yes, I saw the initials P. S. once. When I was very young.Where?Sophie hesitated. On something very important to him.Langdon locked eyes with her. Sophie, this is crucial. Can you tell me if the initials appeared with a symbol? A fleur-de-lis? Sophie felt herself staggering backward in amazement. But how could you possibly know that Langdon exhaled and lowered his voice. Im fairly certain your grandfather was a membe r of a secret society. A very old covert brotherhood.Sophie felt a knot tighten in her stomach. She was certain of it too. For ten years she had tried to close up the incident that had confirmed that horrifying fact for her. She had witnessed something unthinkable. Unforgivable.The fleur-de-lis, Langdon said, combined with the initials P. S. , that is the brotherhoods official device. Their coat of arms. Their logo.How do you know this? Sophie was praying Langdon was not going to tell her that he himselfwas a member.Ive written about this group, he said, his voice tremulous with excitement. Researching the symbols of secret societies is a specialty of mine. They call themselves the Prieure de Sion the Priory of Sion. Theyre based here in France and attract powerful members from all over Europe. In fact, they are one of the oldest surviving secret societies on earth.Sophie had never heard of them.Langdon was talking in rapid bursts now. The Priorys membership has included some of h istorys most cultured individuals men like Botticelli, Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo. He paused, his voice brimming now with academic zeal. And, Leonardo Da Vinci. Sophie stared. Da Vinci was in a secret society?Da Vinci presided over the Priory between 1510 and 1519 as the brotherhoods Grand Master, which might help rationalize your grandfathers passion for Leonardos work. The two men share a diachronic fraternal bond. And it all fits perfectly with their fascination for goddess iconology, paganism, feminine deities, and contempt for the Church. The Priory has a well-documented history of reverence for the sacred feminine.Youre telling me this group is a pagan goddess venerate cult?More like the pagan goddess worship cult. But more important, they are known as the guardians of an ancient secret. One that made them immeasurably powerful.Despite the total conviction in Langdons eyes, Sophies gut reaction was one of stark disbelief. Asecret pagan cult? Once headed by Leonardo Da Vi nci? It all sounded absolutely absurd. And yet, even as she dismissed it, she felt her mind reeling back ten years to the night she had mistakenly surprised her grandfather and witnessed what she still could not accept. Could that explain ?The identities of living Priory members are kept extremely secret, Langdon said, but the P. S. and fleur-de-lis that you saw as a child are proof. It could only have been related to the Priory.Sophie realized now that Langdon knew far more about her grandfather than she had previously imagined. This American obviously had volumes to share with her, but this was not the place. I cant afford to let them start you, Robert. Theres a lot we need to discuss. You need to goLangdon heard only the faint murmur of her voice. He wasnt going anywhere. He was lost in another place now. A place where ancient secrets rose to the surface. A place where forgotten histories emerged from the shadows.Slowly, as if moving underwater, Langdon turned his head and gaz ed through the reddish haze toward the Mona Lisa.The fleur-de-lis the flower of Lisa the Mona Lisa.It was all intertwined, a silent symphony echoing the deepest secrets of the Priory of Sion and Leonardo Da Vinci.A few miles away, on the riverbank beyond Les Invalides, the flummox driver of a twin-bed Trailor truck stood at gunpoint and watched as the captain of the Judicial Police let out a guttural roar of rage and heaved a bar of soap out into the turgid waters of the Seine.

Business Environment Essay

The successful accomplishment of this model work is the end of the contri howeverion of number of population, especi solelyy those who occupy given the clipping and effort to cope their thoughts and suggestions to improve the name. At the beginning, I would like to pay my humble gratitude to the Almighty God for giving me the ability to drop dead delicate under pressure. This report on Case study on Business Environment is prep ard with continuous research for a period of about ace month.This long span of work would non have been possible without the process of various generous hands. My sincere gratitude to my course instructor, for his supervision on this report. He has given a lot of assistance in coordinating the whole report. Without his perseverance and guidance this report would have been a pile of worthless(prenominal) paper.Page 2 of 17Table of Content egressExecutive Summary at a lower placestanding the organisational purposes of assembly linees1.1 account t he purposes of different types of brass considering their legal structure and types (private company, macrocosm company, and involuntary organisation, co-operative, charitable)1.2 Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet stakeholder interests employment of expectations refreshing stakeholder objectivesUnderstanding the nature of the discipline environment in which chorees operate2.1 Explain how economic systems try to assign resources hard-hittingly 2.2 Assess the electrical shock of fiscal and m unitarytary insurance insurance policy on rail line organisations and their activities2.3 Evaluate the regard of disceptation policy and new(prenominal) regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected spring-up.Understanding the behaviour of organisations in their securities industry environment3.1 Explain how commercialise structur es determine the pricing and output decisions of line of credites.3.2 Illustrate the vogue in which commercialise forces render organisational solvents using a range of examples.3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organization.Assessing the signifi backce of the global factors that shape national business activities4.1 Discuss the significance of international championship to UK business organizations4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizationsRecommendationsReferencesExecutive SummaryFirst of every last(predicate) I have introduced the company named Sainsburys and afterwards that I will describe organisational purposes, nature of the national environment, the behaviour of organisations in their mart environment and tax deduction of the global factors that shape national business activities.Sainsburys is one of th e UKs leader retailers, currently its impersonate is just after Tesco, who is occupying the food trade leading ready. Anyway Sainsburys t sally high tonus with great value products and operate ranging from food, cloths, daily household needs etc. they employed over than 152,000 (2012) people in the UK, and have more than than 1,016stores in UK .Their grocery stores is fixing rapidly, recently they have planned to expand more in overseas trades.In brief, I am going to identify the purpose of different types of organisation, their responsibilities, strategies found on the present market situation, trade policies, and behaviours as tumefy as economic, governing and the atomic number 18a trade organization impacts on the organization.Then the explanation of market structures, market forces that shape the organisations response and impact of business and cultural environment on the organisation.Finally I will discuss the impact of the global factors and how policies of th e European Union affect UK business organisations.Page 4 of 17Understand the organisational purposes of businesses1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organization considering their legal structure and types.A business can be unionised as followsProprietorship has a singly owner, known as proprietor, who manages the business proprietorships tend to be small business or professional go, such as accountants, lawyerPartnership joins two or more persons as co-owners, separately owner is a partner and the partnership deal can be done, it is called a plebeian, mutual AgencyOrganization this organization, owned by sh arholders, these people who own sh argons in the organization, is a certificate representing willpower in a organization, the business is a organization, when the State approved the articles of incorporation, and the first stock shargon make article to the lines that have been approved by the administration of the State Corporation, unlike sole proprietorship and partnerships. human race joint stock organization, limited liability organization offers limited liability to its owners and management. If want to be, that the organization can make the organization changes shares to investors, it is useful in attracting capital. Only limited liability organization can be listed on the Stock Exchange, and the character of their stocks has a suffix. So, British Pet shareum PLC and BP ticker.A private organization whitethorn issue shares and shareholders. But their shares are not on public exchanges and were not granted for the initial public offering.Voluntary organizationsIts an organization with random or regular volunteer for exploitation and may or may not have paid employees. Voluntary organization is characterized by independence of the State organize themselves through the unpaid Board membership Membership that is not received or ordered uphold for the charity are not for profitCooperative OrganizationPage 5 of 17The organization owned , managed and operated by a group of users in their favor. Each Member moldiness contribute capital and share in the control of the organization on the basis of the principle of one Member one vote.brotherly loveEmbedded or included tax exempt developed and used for charitable purposes uses its own funds for these charitable activities under its direct control does not to distribute any part of the turnover is generated for each curator, trustier, Member, or any other individuals and does not associated with political organizations.1.2 Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholdersThe upper diagram shows Different stakeholders are engaged in an organization that have different objectives and needs which are served by the organization. Here as follows,a) Investors. Investors are concern regarding the risk of investments, interest and overall sideboard. They need entropy to determine if he/she should buy, keep or sell. The shareholders are interested about the stability and profitability of organization. Organizations depart nurture that makes them assess the dividends.b) Staff. Organization meets the employers expectations through salary, bonuses and ensures safe environment for the employers.c) Lenders. They are interested in the information for their Loans and trade assign. An organization paid them back as sale proceeds come from customers end.Page 6 of 17d) Suppliers and other vendors, who are likewise interested in informationto determine whether their supplies and trade credits safe or not. An organization paid off to them for their supplies.e) Clients keep their eye on organizations commitment, or market position. Organization ensures their interest through growth of business.f) Governments institutions, Organization help the government in the allocating the resources under countrys business regulation practices besides by paying tax which are part of fundamental national income of the country.g) Publi c, An organization help people to decide employment thus help to develop local anaesthetic economy as salubrious as the country. They as well as help to encourage local suppliers and information about the trend and overall productivity of the country.1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet stakeholder interests strife of expectations satisfying stakeholder objectives Responsibilities of an OrganisationAn Organization and various forms of responsibilities to the stakeholders and at the same time they take best effective strategies to meet stakeholders interest, conflict of expectation and towards satisfying their objectives.Different stakeholders have different priorities in case of organizational responsibilities which are as followsEmployees Organization needs to ensure good working environment and fitting payment. Shareholders Organization responsibilities towards their shareholder are to make sure about their profit and dividend.G overnment and their Institution priggish allocation of resources, employment solution, follow business regulation of the country, pay corporate tax on time etc are organizations responsibility towards government and supporting institutions.client Ensuring best fictional character of goods and services at lowest possible scathe is an important responsibility of organization.Besides above responsibilities, every organization has been introduced with some new belief of responsibilities which is known as Corporate and Social Responsibility (CSR). Can be subdivided into four criteria (John M. Bryson, 2009)Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively The economic system is composed of various processes in the Organization and motivation of work production, distribution and circulating, including products and services. Consumer goods, machinery, tools and other technologies. Ther e are three types of economic systemsMarket Economy this market to a minimum level of government intervention is kept or forgotten and economic resources among the private area as well as the mechanism of price will determine how many products or services will be delivered in accordance with the requirements of the market.Centrally planned Economy SystemThe Government makes all the plans for economic resources and economic activities which can be seen on in Asia, Centre of Europe,Cuba, Iran and Iraq have these economic systems. In this process unemployment will not be a problem as the Government plan for all economic activities and resources.Mixed economy system this is so far the best economic system for new(a) creation. A mix of other systems, that is public and private both price mechanism work conjointly in this process. And also distributes the resources available in the region.The country, like the social united States of America, Canada, and France has this mix economic system, in this process, if one system does not work properly then other works in its process and make balance in the whole economic system.2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activitiesGovernment use fiscal policy fiscal revenue and expenditure of the Government. When the Government loans from abroad, it creates set about demand of goods and services. As domestic production decreases this lending policy from abroad can affect the link organization. On the other hand organization can achieve wear out profits for the added capital when government cut of taxesIn case of monetary policy process, thorough which government controls the supply of money indoors the country, most of the benefits come out when government can stabilize prices and keepPage 9 of 17As government keeps the interest rate low, people can lend more money. Thus the additional money they can put into production or in the business cycle which in return increases the profit of the organization. On the other hand higher interest rate does the vice versa. In this way controlling monetary policy government can affect the organization of the whole country.2.3 Influence of the policy of closure and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of the OrganizationThe ambition targets a market run on the boardwalk and promote better compete it the quality and price. Thus competition contributes to a broader selection of clients in the market and offers the actual and effective price competition between suppliers.With the negotiation of World Trade Organisation (WTO), world leading trading nations signed and ratified in their parliaments. Main goal is to help producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers conduct their smooth business.Almost all people want to have their better interests in international trade. As a result international trade and marketing can be garbled sooner or later.WTO helps to prevent or mitigate the pro blems related to the pricing. Profit etc through their details investigation.WTO also covers intellectual property, goods and services, principles of liberalization and including exceptions.The strengthened dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO helps to strengthen to reduce the potential for nonreversible and bilateral action outside the multilateral system, proponents of the WTO has long argued that the reduction of trade barriers will increase world trade, but there is hardly a rigorous Empirical research on the impact of WTO or trade or trade policy, although a recent study shows that very little, if any, effects, in another study of the IMF does not agree with this conclusion.Page 10 of 17Understanding of environmental NGOs in the behaviour of the market 3.1 explain how market structures, determination of the price and output decisions of enterprises. UKs explain the current situation and determine what chasten structure would be helpfulThere are five types of market structu re in the UK, and they are following.Perfect competition and perfect competition marketPerfect competition market is one where a very heroic number of buyers and sellers, all distended in the purchase and sale of product, without any unnatural and has a perfect knowledge of the market at the time. With the Koulsayaiannis words are the structure of perfect competition market, essence absence of rivalry between Individual price takers and where there is freedom of entry into and exit from the industry.The monopoly marketMonopoly is Salvatore as a monopoly is a form of organization of the common market, where there is one organization to sell the item for which there is no change. There are a number of characteristics of monopoly which There is only one seller All control on delivery of product is in the hands of a monopoly Under the monopoly, the organization itself is an industry it can be a solo entrepreneur, partnership, JSCs, and etc. There is no tight relievo product monopo ly. In the case of cross-border demand elasticity is, in any case, it is possible. There are restrictions on the entry of other companies in a product monopoly. Page 11 of 17DuopolyDuopoly is a special case, the theory of oligopoly, where there are only two sellers and they are fully independent and conflict between them. Variations in price and will affect the performance of the other and the other bears the loss must meet the cost of the competitor.OligopolyOligopoly is a market where there are several companies that sell or similar various goods. It is difficult to say, the number of companies in the competition between the pair. A few problems on the market shares of the organization, as a rule, on the other. Oligopoly industry produces a standardized product or different products. This concept is called clean and spotless oligopoly and the last incomplete or oligopoly discrimination, called.Monopolistic competitionMonopolistic competition refers to market conditions, when ther e are many companies that sell a variety of products. There is a competition, with enthusiasm, but not perfect, many companies produce very similar products. No organization may not have to better the impact on policy, the export of other sellers or price can be very touch on by their actions. Define monopolistic competition competition among a large number of Sell of close, but not perfect substitutes for each other.3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples.There are different forces which shape organizational responses to the market. Among them main five markets forces which can shape the responses are given below Threat of a new entryAny organization with innovational ideas, technologies and process can affect the existing organization. Threat of a new entry of Sainsburys is fair as the business process and environment relatively high barriers for any new entry.Threat of substitute productsRepresents a product obtai ned from industry replacements, perhaps in another area, in this case is the high recompense of marketing competitiveness as Morrison and Asabi are facing big challenge from Tesco in that case.Page 12 of 17Bargaining power of customersThere are a lot of supermarkets and brands, the customer has the right to cull a product or service that they want and need. In this case competitive price and better quality only can assure business success. Sainsburys are in better position with their price and quality though they have to face price war with Tesco and also they face blotto challenge from John Lewis and M&S regarding the quality.Bargaining power for suppliersAs there are large numbers of suppliers. Collective bargaining in this situation is weak for the suppliersRivalryThere is high competition due to large number of suppliers with different price and quality. Sainsbury has to compete both with the price and quality with the other competitor. Through their competency, Sainsburys hav e maintained their reputation and strong position in the market.3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organization.As a major retailer Sainsburys is well known throughout UK. They are now is one of the best British dealers among the competitors. They also spread their effect USA.they is also planning to spread their market in Asia.Though Sainsburys facing tough competition with other retailers, such as Tesco and Asda, but as customers are getting smarter and aware about the quality with price, they are still in a strong position in the market. As we know UK multicultural country with variety of nations, further market researched need to be done with the multicultural food habit, religious belief and cultures in order to hold the best position in the market.Page 13 of 17 estimate of the meaning of global factors shaping national activities4.1 Discuss the importance of international trade for UK business organizations transnational tr ade covers trade between United Kingdom and the rest of the world. Any country will have e limited resources of goods, services without international trade. Trade relation between countries and gimcrack labour and sourcing from exploitation countries plays an important role in shaping national activities.Moreover of invention and uses of new technologies, access into the cheap sources and labour market also playing a crucial role in shaping the national activities.4.2 analyze impact of global factors on UK business organizationsglobalization has a different impact on UK businessTechnologyOrganization in have gone through the Internet to promote their products and offer discounts with free delivery on their products to attract clients and makes it easy for them to their products. Sainsburys is not behind the progress.SocialCustomer tastes change from time to time and from period to period or standard or quality of life. Globalization has put its impact to customers providing variet y of taste, attitude and trend and fashions in an advanced way.PoliticalPolitical systems that are presently elevated and forced around the world in part to growth of consumption also leading to vast impoverishment and development. We can see the reflection in the UK market as well. clandestine sectors especially small business and young entrepreneurs are encouraged for business. Trade barriers UK businesses are facing less trade barriers than they used to face before.Page 14 of 17EnvironmentNow a days people are getting concern day by day regarding green environment. formative bags are banned in so many places. People areencouraged to use reusable bags and other eco friendly products, protecting forests. In addition electronics communication are also used rather of printing papers4.3 assessment of the impact of the European Unions policy on UK business organizationsThe European Union has gained more power than before over the policy guidance for the UK business organizations.EU has interpreted policy to strengthen the industry and move in the direction of eco friendly environment and create jobs. It also helps to promote small companies to grow their business through associating policies, such as competition policy, which helps the fair intervention for all, and reduce costs, improve quality and choice of the customer.EU consumer policy should ensure that the client is protected in their health and safety, as well as help them improve their life. Establishment of Impact Assessment Unit and reduction of regulation cost by EU is also welcome step for UK.Page 15 of 17RecommendationsSainsburys is one of the leading retailer in UK, They meet the stakeholders interest through their capital management quality and also ensuring customers by providing high quality of products. Moreover their dynamic strategies help them to grow rapidly within the limited resources and present government moderate policies. On the contrary, Sainburys need be more active to increas e number of store in the overseas market and also market research activity especially for the multicultural community.Sainsburys have lots of strong competitors like Asda,M&S, Jhon Lewis etc who are also have a good positioning in the market. Actually, the competition lies in the quality and price of the product and services, purchasing behaviour of the customer and of course customer services. In that case they need to find alternative cheap sources from developing countries.Finally, not only the organization, the positive role of the Government, WTO and EU would plays an important role to ensure the overall growth of organizations in UK.Page 16 of 17References1. www.sainsburys.co.uk2. www.gov.uk//10-1257-guidelines-for-managing-projects3. www.investopedia.com/4. www.investorguide.com/article/11595/introduction-to-the-economy-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-igu 5. www.wto.org6. ec.europa.eu/trade/policy7. www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html 8. John M. Bry son, John M. BrysonHubert H. Humphrey (2009),What to do when stakeholders matters? Stakeholder Identification and Analysis Techniques, Institute of Public Affairs 9. Thomas, J. C. (1993) Public amour and Governmental Effectiveness A Decision-Making Model for Public Managers. Administration and Society, 244 pp444-69.Page 17 of 17