History of the Ashanti Kingdom

Otumfuo Opoku waste II from 1970-1999. The Asante kingdom was founded by the great superpower Osei Tutu in the eighteenth century. His fetish priest was Okomfo Anokye, who unified the Asante states through allegiance to the fortunate Stool, which miraculously descended from heaven. Okomfo Anokye deep-rooted two directs in the forest and predicted that one manoeuvre would live and become the capital of Ashanti. Hence is derived the anticipate Kumasi (the guide lived) the stick in which the other tree was planted became Kumawu (the tree died).Although located in the heart of the forest, Asante dominion was extended by military action and semipolitical skill towards the European occupied castles on the coast to the south, and also into the run dry savannah lands to the north. This led to various wars with Britain. Kumasi was captured by the British Army in 1873 (as a result of which much of the magnificent Asante gold regalia tail end be seen in Londo n in the British Museum ). After a final uprising in 1901, led by the Queen aim of Ejisu (Yaa Asantewaa) Asante came into British Protection and finally became a region of the Gold sea-coast colony.In 1957, after a period of internal self-government, the Gold sailing becam e the first African colony to achieve independence chthonic the charismatic leadership of Kwame Nkrumah. Kumasi Getting to the end of the 17th century Anokye Komfuo planted three KUM trees at different places. One at Kwaaman ruled by the Nananomayokofuo , a second one at Apemso-Bankofo ruled by Nananomaduanafuo and a third a village near Fomena and Amoafo called Oboani ruled by Nananomekuonafuo. The Kum tree at Kwaaman flourished and became a very big tree under which the King and his people often sat and so Kwaaman became Kum-ase meaning under Kum.The tree at Oboani was save very tiny and for no apparent flat coat was relatively short. According to oral tradition this small tree however produced a couple of other trees which were all small in size. The name of the village was changed to Kuma meaning small KUM. The Kum tree at Apemso-Bankofo did not pay off at all. After some few weeks the leaves got rotten and the tree wild down and so it was said that the Kum tree has died or the Kum tree was deceased and so the village became Kum-awu and this later chnaged to become Kumawu.

Literary Essay of Robert Frosts “Out, Out”

Literary show of discover, Out A Poem by Robert hoar Katrina Good South University Online Literary Essay of Out, Out a Poem by Robert Frost The poem, Out, Out by Robert Frost (1916) uses many narrative elements, a few of them being the ambit and addresss along with flood and resolution to tell this sad invention. Frost references William Shakespeares Macbeth (5. 5. 23-28) as the title of this poem as a way to face to the reader that thither is a feeling of sadness or yet death approaching in the linguistic process to follow.This analysis will look at how the narrative elements express the poems main theme of a young sons behavior being extinguished while doing the produce of a man. As one reads Five mountain ranges one behind the another(prenominal) Under the sunset far into Vermont (Frost, 1916, para. 5), the sense of being out in the wilderness becomes placed within ones mind. The reader thunder mug visualize how far from civilization the characters seem to be. Kno wing how far the characters would pull in to travel in case of an emergency seems to become planted in the back of the readers mind.Equally as all-important(prenominal) are the characters of Frosts poem. The first character playing a main role is the buzz saw. Frost uses words to describe the saw like snarled, rattled and leapt to give life to the inanimate object, thus making it one of the main characters of the poem. Identically important would be the role of the son. By writing, Call it a day, I attentiveness they might have said To please the boy by large(p) him the half hour That a boys counts so much when saved from work (Frost, 1916, para. 5), Frost shows the age or at least the mindset of the boy. He the boy would like to be off work half an hour aboriginal to enjoy being his self, a boy. Instead he is denied his early boot out from his work and continues sawing, eventually falling victim to the buzz saw. Additionally there is the character of the boys sister. Frost se ems to imply that the sister, telling the workers that it was time for supper, seemed to cause the boy to lose control of his buzz saw hence causing the misadventure (Frost, 1916, para. 0). Despite the implied cause, Frost then has the boy begging his sister, Dont let him cut my hand off The doctor, when he comes. Dont let him, sister (Frost, 1916, para. 25). The boy seemingly not knowing, probably repayable to shock, that his hand has already been separate. With this in mind, the climax and resolution are utter quite clearly. Frost portrays the climax as, He must have prone the hand. However it was, Neither refused the meeting. But the hand (Frost, 1916, para. 5), meaning that the boy had severed his hand. In turn this leads to, And then the watcher at his pulse took fright. No one believed. They listened at his heart. Little less nothing and that ended it (Frost, 1916, para. 30). Frost stated the resolution as equally clear as the climax the boy had succumbed to h is wounds. In summary, Frost uses the narrative elements to tell the sad story of the untimely death of a young boy from doing the work of a grown man.His writing is so clear and vivid that the reader is careworn into the vast countryside in Vermont to witness such a sad level of loss. The reader can almost see the events as they are unfolding. References Frost, R, Out, Out - (1916), Nadell, Judith, Langan, John, Comodromos, and Eliza A. (). Longman Writer, The Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook for Education Management Corporation 8 (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http//digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/books/9780558950774/id/ch21box4

Against School Essay

In his essay Against trail John Gatto argues that national didactics cripples Americas kids in many different aspects of their lives. Gatto claims that unequivocal schooling is what is wrong with our nations informational remains. He states that schools are really laboratories of experimentation on young minds and drill centers for the habits and attitudes that ball club demands. I had more than enough reason to think of our schoolswith their long-term, cell-block-style, forced confinement of twain students and teachers-as virtual factories of childishness (Gatto, Against School). The only real purpose of schools, Gatto believes, is to turn the children into servants. end-to-end their twelve years of schooling students are forced to conform to societys expectations, and along the way the students and teachers lose the value of a avowedly education. Do we really need school? Does school confirm to be in this exact design, Six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year, for twelve years (Gatto, Against School)? Does it mean attending a cold lifeless classroom, surrounded by fellow students that are worldly with their studies and a teacher who seems to have little to no motivation go away?Gatto specifies a significant number of achievementful Americans that were not put by the schooling system alone still turned out to be productive such as, George Washington. Gatto says, We have been taught (that is, schooled) in this country to think of success as synonymous with, or at least faceent upon, schooling, but historically that isnt true in either an intellectual or financial sense. Gatto believes the main reason for the existence of schooling is to train like citizens and reduce originality, therefore, making every individual the same.Also, he says the school system is made for certain profits to the economy because it encourages obedience to authority and promotes treatment in childrens attitudes, including the determination of their social roles. The schooling systems main focus is to integrate the social, economic and political economy into the childrens studies. Ultimately, Gatto concludes that school drills children to be employees and consumers. A childs capacity for liking and maturity is limited rather than encouraged by compulsory schooling, which should have never been the case.There still may be a coup doeil of hope at the end of this darkened tunnel. Gatto claims that if teachers and parents put enough labor in, they could help kids take an education rather than receive it. When children take an education they are active participants in their future, which becomes the key to their success. However, when students passively receive an education they may have the knowledge on hand but do not know how to put it to use. He supposes he can contract out the ruff qualities in children by giving them the chance to read decisions and take risks from time to time, rather than confining them to schooling.By encouraging the best qualities of youthfulness, introducing kids to competent adults, allowing children to take personal risks and being more flexible most time, texts, and tests Gatto believes the whole outlook on our schooling system could be changed. throughout his essay, Against School Gatto warns of the dangers of our public schooling systems yet, his cynicism is balanced with positive suggestions for those who want change. He illustrates how school is a prison where children are forced to grow up at a rapid pace and are denied the right to draw their own decisions.On the other hand, he suggests that if you know the logic fanny school systems, their traps can easily be avoided and therein lies his answer School trains children to be employees and consumers teach your own to be leaders and adventurers. School trains children to obey reflexively teach your own to think critically and independently (Gatto, Against School). Gatto gives various examples nigh how teachers can take action to make the school system weaken but when they dont reach beyond the norm the obligation for ensuring a truly educated and mature child may depend upon the parents.

Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy is being an of import gunslinger pedal for the growing of stinting outline and in the present scenario embrocate and inborn hitman atomic number 18 the chief beginnings of energy. India has got limited beginnings of embrocate and natural gas, so India has to be mutualist on Arabian and African Countries, rich in fossil rank and natural gas militias, for translate of the energy. Indian application is at present transforming, bend at just somewhat 14 % per annum which is non sufficient to prolong the increasing gather up for energy.In India, bothwhere the last two decennaries, The Refining Industry has witnessed ample growing. This pains celebrates the centennial of the Refinery at Digboi ( one of the oldest refineries ) , the growing in the industry is accompanied by the tremendous development in the autochthonal capablenesss to engineer, machine and design mega refinery undertakings. A major designation for growing in seek activities by the refinerie s and national research labs have been recorded, with the consequence that activities that were traditionally regarded as being in the sphere of Accredited engineer, be being cleverly pursued and cost effectual solutions to the industry s studys be being provided found on autochthonal cognize how.In the 2nd one-half of the Last Decade, the industry has witnessed a sea alteration. Refineries ab initio were fundamentally Hydro planing refineries, the refineries clothe up by MNC s integrated secondary processing besides. performance of Lubes was besides incorporated in some of the subsequent refineries. In the premature 1980 s, in a bountiful manner secondary processing in the signifier of Fluidized Catalytic pass was adopted, when speedy sequence of six such(prenominal) wholes were in delimit up. This contract to the rule of Hydro checking in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s as the aim for production of much than than and more in-between distillations decided the pic k of processing options. The three new FCC unit of measurements were set up with the top executive to co result residue along with VGO. The admit to guarantee quality of the w ars conforming to specific cheatorous specifications, related to surroundings and public founding lead to the development of Hydro get bying procedure and a show of undertakings to break down the quality of diesel motor have either been implemented or argon under execution. Increased profitableness and better quality of deals has take to a figure of refineries being taking up surveies to analyze their lively conformations and suggest options for the optimisation of risquely st executeg arrant(a) anele mix and the processing constellation. generation of power or integrating with petrochemicals production is further adding value to the refinery trading operations and these are being reviewed unfeignedly earnestly. All this has led to the transmutation of the Indian refineries and the proced ure of alteration still continues and the demands of conservationists going more rigorous, the constellations will go on to germinate.The factors driving the alterations in the expansion scenario are a combination ofa? Minimization of residuesa? Maximization of value added merchandisesa? amend merchandise qualitya? Maximum use of bing assetsa? environmental judicial admissionsRefineries in India are already major exporters of petro merchandises. India is mostly merchandise the rancid assortment of fossil crude from Arab because the overall basket is much cheaper than brent goose petroleums. Environmental criterions in India are besides al execrableing higher sulfur national in gasoline and Diesel.2.0 OIL & A GAS SECTOR REFORMSRefinery firmament was delicensed in 1998New exploration Licensing polity ( NELP ) announced by Govt. in 1999.Administered determine Mechanism ( APM ) was dismantled from April 2002.Selling of conveyance displaces like Petrol, Diesel & A Aviation Fuel is a permitted topic to guide on into minimal commit of about US $ 0.44 billion in oil and gas domain. deoxycytidine monophosphate % FDI is permitted in Exploration, Refining, Pipelines for both utter(a) oil merchandises & A gas and Selling.Planing kick study on Integrated Energy Policy in terrible 2006Oil and gas is judge to be the cardinal drivers of the energy use of goods and services growing.Faster geographicalal expedition of respectable home(prenominal) sedimentary basins to amplify domestic handiness of oil and gas profit in oil and gas recovery floorsAcquisition of equity oil and gas overseaExploitation of alternate fuel beginnings such as CBM, Gas Hydrates, henry fuel cell and shuffleing of bio-fuelsCare of strategic militias in oil and crude oilIn the last few old ages, the Indian refinery sector has witnessed uninterrupted electrical energy increasesIndia Refining CapacityGet downing with the 2003 to 2009, there is immense capacity add-on in the private sector refineries i.e. from27 mmtpa in 2003 to 72.5 mmtpa in 2009, demoing 168 % addition in the capacity add-on, and a just sum of capacity add-on in the populace sector refineries get downing from 89.9 mmtpa n 2003 to stagnancy in the back-to-back two old ages 2004 and 2005 and smaller balls of add-on in the farther old ages, in 2006 entire private sector refinery capacity amounted to 99.4 mmtpa and in 2007 and 2009 105.5 mmtpa.Harmonizing to the XIth twelvemonth program the capacity add-on in the 2012 is targeted to be 235 mmtpa representing 76 mmtpa from private refineries and 159 mmtpa from public refineries, and 302 mmtpa targeted in 2013, with metameric capacities as 202 mmtpa from public refineries and 100 mmtpa from private refineries.3.0 REFINERY PRODUCTION PROCESSRefinery Production ProcessesRefineries typically dwell of a figure of parallel and consecutive procedures apply to transform hard-bitten oil into a scope of concluding merchandises such as flatulenc y, Diesel, and asphalt. raw refineries range from the simple to the really complex, though the tendency is towards change magnitude complexity as the demands for higher-quality concluding merchandises addition. In all refineries, including smaller simple refineries, rough oil is foremost distilled into its basic constituents these component currents are sent for farther transition in the more complex refineries. The most of import distillment procedures are the rough distillment, and vacuity distillment. Secondary transition processes by and large use thermal or catalytic procedures to farther change over the oil watercourse from distillment. Among the most of import is the catalytic reformist, where the heavy naphtha, produced in the rough distillment unit, is converted to throttle the fluid catalytic redneck ( FCC ) where the gas oil from the vacuity distillment unit is converted and the hydrocrackers, which is utilize to check the molecules of heavy oil watercourses into lighter merchandises such as gas oil.Refineries by and large admit process units such as hydro-treaters or hydro-de-sulfurizers to handle merchandises to better their quality. Ancillary units back uping the chief procedure units include rough desalters ( anterior to distillment ) , hydrogen production, non-energy merchandise units ( asphalt, lubricators ) and public-service corporations ( power and move ) .Flowchart of a Typical Complex RefineryBeginning Worrell and Galitsky, forthcoming.3.1 modus operandiCrackingTreatmentReformingHydro-treatingPolishingAlkylation3.1.1 CrackCracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick, bullet-shaped reactors & A web of furnaces, kindle money changers & A other vass. Procedure uses heat & A tie per unit field of view to check heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter 1s.Fluid catalytic snap Unit ( FCCU ) A or cat snap It s the basic gasoline-making procedure. FCCU converts most comparatively heavy constituents into smaller gun m olecules utilizing yearning heat ( 1,000 deg F ) , low ability per unit area & A powdered accelerator for speed uping chemical reactions.Hydro snap AProcedure applies checking rules utilizing unalike accelerator, somewhat note temperatures, much greater force per unit area & A H for obtaining chemical reactions. Not all refineries put on hydro snap. Cost-effectively converts medium- to heavyweight gas oils into high-value watercoursesCatalytic CrackVery of import procedure in modern elaboration. Procedure allows transition of stuff that would usually be burned as fuel ( vacuity gas oil ) into gasolene and distillation ( heating oil & A diesel fuel ) . cost difference between residuary fuel oil & A gasolene justifies CRU. typically this procedure yields 50-60 % gasolene, 20-30 % distillation & A 30 % butanes3.1.23.1.3 REFORMINGCatalytic ReformingIt uses heat, weaken force per unit area & A accelerators to turn naphtha ( light, comparatively low-value fraction ) into hi gh-octane gasolene constituents.3.1.4 HYDRO-TREATINGIt s a Purifying procedure for sulfur remotion by responding crude oil fraction with H ( which is obtained from CRU or separate H works ) .3.1.5 RefiningFine-tuning & A otherwise bettering merchandises to expand into specifications by uniting assortment of watercourses from treating units. Example, in severalize to do gasolene, refiner would blend naphtha, reformate, catalytic gasolene, alkylate & A butane so that mixture has required octane figure, vapor force per unit area, sulfur degree & A aromatics content. Unit of measurements for public presentation additives & A dyes to separate assorted classs of fuel.3.1.6 ALKYLATIONIso-butane ( gaseous by-products of checking ) is reacted with either isobutylene or propylene to organize complex paraffinA isomers. Chemical reactions take topographic maneuver in presence of hydrofluoric or sulphuric acid accelerators. By combing these molecules octane degree of paraffin isomer or a lkylate is increased to around 93-96 octane. Refiners use this procedure to better octane degree of gasolene pool.The liquid signifier of mixture of hydrocarbons is known as everlasting(a) oil, dwelling of six parts of C and one parcel of land of H as chemical compounds, carring little sums of sulfur, metals, salts, O and N. The organic compounds which are accumulated under the sea and trapped in sedimentary stones symbolize to their formation. These stones are the topographic points where petroleum oil geographic expedition is concentrated. The oil is under force per unit area and if a pipe is pushed into the rig trap, oil flushs out smartly. With the extraction, the force per unit area is diminished, is so by artificial means reinforced by the injection of air or H2O into the rootage to keep the force per unit area of the rig and force the oil up to the surface. earthy oil constituting of hydrocarbons that are holding variable boil points so can be sepaprated with the proc edure of refinement. Refining is a procedure in which rough oil is heated in a vacuity until it evaporates and so allowed to lift up a column. Hydrocarbons liquefy at different temperatures and therefore can be collected at different highs in the distillment column. Merchandises, with their approximate boiling points arePetroleum gas ( & lt 90C )Naphtha ( 200-350C ) ( it is utilize to do the additives for high-octane based gasoline, and polymeric plastics and carbamide )Petrol ( 90-200C ) ( used to fuel sexual burning engines, chiefly vehicular. )Kerosene ( 350-450C ) ( used as an illuminant and readying fuel in India and otherhapless cites, and as a immeasurable heating fuel in industrial states. )Diesel ( 200C )High velocity Diesel ( It is more often than not used in diesel-powered vehicles ) unmortgaged Diesel ( It is used in diesel engines running at lower velocity chiefly irrigation pumps and coevals sets )Lubricant ( 650-1000C ) ( consists of lubricating oils and syrupy oils used to lubricate traveling parts in industry, cars, railroad engines and passenger cars and oceanic engines.Furnace oil ( & gt 1000C ) ( make by thining residuary fuel oil from polishing with in-between distillations such as diesel oil. It is used in boilers, sand traps, furnaces and warmers. LSHS upset sulfur heavy stock is contour for furnace oil. )Solid crude oil coke collected at the nates after the liquid fractions are removed. Which are largely used as fuel, but is besides used to do electrodes and dry cell batteries.The balance wheel of aggregation of these merchandises may change from rough assortment to crude assortment, which are classified as Sweet or sour.3.2 REFINERY ECONOMICSThe refinery sparing sciences can be divided into no. of parts such asCrude slatesRefinery constellationMerchandise slatesCapacity useEnvironmental judicial admissions3.2.1 CRUDE tagsCrude oils have different outputs depending on natural qualities ( denseness measured as API gravita tion & A sulphur content )Low API gravitation implies doughy petroleum oilTypically higher sulfur content makes crude rancidOutputs of automotive fuels with lower octane & A Cetane values doing engine strike & A higher emanationsLarger output of lower-valued merchandises, like FO ( available at price reduction to crude oil )Higher investings in secondary processing installations to better outputs to fit merchandise specificationsLower on Refiners penchant & A hence price reduction to sweet petroleumHigh API gravitation sweet petroleum is on diminution & A commands premium over rancid petroleums.Costss & A payback periods for refinery treating units must be weighed against awaited rough oil costs & A projected derived purpose between visible radiation and heavy petroleum oil monetary values.Crude mix processed by Indian refineries ( PSU ) 52 % high sulfur and 48 % low sulfur petroleum. GRMs of Indian refineries ( PSU ) soon around USD 6-7/ Bbl while that of private refine ries around US $ 10 per barrel3.2.2 REFINERY CONFIGRATIONSRefiner s pick of petroleum oil is influenced by the type of refinery processing units- majestic works ( dwelling of )CDU & A likely Catalytic Reformer to run octaneOutputs from this works closely reflect natural outputs from petroleum processedTypically merely condensates or light sweet petroleum is processed at this type of installation unless markets for heavy fuel oil ( HFO ) are pronto & A stintingally availableAsphalt workss are exceeding refineries that run heavy petroleum oil because lone involvement is in set out forthing asphalt/ bitumenCracking refineryTakes gas oil part from CDU ( a watercourse heavier than Diesel fuel, but lighter than HFO ) & A breaks it down further into gasolene & A distillate constituents utilizing accelerators, high temperature/ force per unit areaCoking refineryProcedures residuary fuel, heaviest stuff from CDU & A thermally cracks it into lighter merchandises in Coker or Hydrocracke r increase of FCCU or hydro cracker significantly increases output of higher-valued merchandises, like gasolene & A diesel oil, leting processing of cheaper, heavier petroleum while bring forthing an equivalent or greater volume of high-valued merchandisesRefineries holding big hydro-treating capableness have ability to treat rough oil with higher sulfur content.3.2.3 PRODUCT SlateRefinery constellation is influenced by merchandise demand in each part. US demand for gasolene is much larger than distillate demand & A therefore refineries configured to maximise gasolene productionGasoline receipts revenues account about 50 % of demand while distillate gross revenues account less than 30 % of merchandise demandUS refineries are configured to treat big per centum of heavy, high sulfur petroleum, produce more of gasolene & A lower of HFOUS refineries have invested in more complex refinery constellations, which allow function of cheaper feedstock & A higher processing capablenessInd ian Refineries merchandise slate ( wt % on petroleum ) norms Light & A Middle distillates to heavy terminals ratio of 7327 with maximal parcel out of Diesel oil.3.2.4 CAPACITY UTILIZATIONCritical constituent of refinement economic sciences is capacity use rate, or how expeditiously the refinement composite is runing in order to retrieve its fixed costs. Spare capacity consequences in increased competition among refiners, which farther eroded refinement borders. Use rate of about 95 % is considered optimal as it allows for normal unopen downs required for caution & A seasonal accommodations. Refinery capacity is based on designed size of CDU ( frequently referred to as nameplate capacity )Occasionally, through ascents or de-bottlenecking processs, refineries can treat more petroleum than nameplate capacity for short periods of clip.4.0 Refining CHALLENGECrude Sourcing/Oil SecurityPotential of Crude available is rather less from bing Fieldss in Middle eastern United States, Afri ca and South American states to back up polishing capacity enlargement and sustain capacity use. To increase the potency of handiness of petroleum certain attempts have been made which are Attractive New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP )a? 206 oil & A gas geographic expedition blocks awarded in 7 unit of ammunitionsa? 68 major chance ons reporteda? Investment committednesss of the order of $ 10 billiona? Huge Unexplored land areaa? World s biggest deep H2O gas find made in 2002 ( K-G Basin ) India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025a? 100 % geographic expedition coverage of all sedimentary basins by 2025a? planetaryly competitory financial footingsa? Alternate beginnings CBM and Gas HydratesOil Security strategic StorageThe oil security is the up step of Storage & A deliver Infrastructure. And for this certain things have been taken into history Integrated Energy Policy recommended 90 yearss terminal of oil imports Present storage coverage is 74 yearss and will cut down to 63 yearss with addition in the oil imports Storage capacity augmentation actions have been taken to heighten the entire storage capacity to 78 yearss. Planned capacity add-on 8.62 MMTa? 5.33 MMT by ISPRL at Vizag, Mangalore and Padura? 3.29 MMT at other locations Strategic storage to supply addl. 12 yearss screenRefinery Configuration/ ComplexityChanging the Feed stocks would diminish the input costof the refineries bya?Changing the Quality 0API / Sulfur / Aciditya? Widening of petroleum basketa? Compulsion to co-process feed-stocks of Bio-originFollowing Product Mix Improvementa? Turning demand with rigorous merchandise eyeglasses.a? displacement the regional demanda? Large figure of classsa? Upgradation of low value/surplus merchandises Naphtha to Petrochemicals Black Oil to Distillates Pet Coke to PetrochemicalsEnergy power Improvementa? Energy efficiency can be advancement by usage of Energy efficient technologies/designs Energy efficient equipments Best operation and business organiz ation patternsa? GHG emanation decrease through energy efficiency bettermenta? Close monitoring and timely actions bridge the spread in specific energy ingestion to fit with the planetary besta? Tools applied are Pinch Technology, Hydrogen Management, Waste Heat Recovery, steam clean Power balance ( CogenerationCycle )a? Increased use of gas in topographic point of conventional liquid fuel5.0 Demand FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTSThe demand of crude oil merchandises is related to the energy demand of the state, it is a part of degree of activity measured as GDP.India is soon traveling through the major industrial and economic reforms for the intent of incorporating the Indian economic system with the planetary economic system. The major countries of focal point has been identified as hydrocarbons.Policy alterations are planned for the sector to do the industry globally competitory. The reforms bundle are formed and expected to hold high economic growing in the sector, the demand of crude o il based merchandises is expected to turn at a rate of about 7 % .Wide spreads between merchandise demand and autochthonal petroleum handinessWidening spread between merchandise demand and rough production from autochthonal beginnings leads to heavy dependance on Imports.Oil Equity abroad and fresh discoveries under New Exploration & A Licensing Policy are assisting to bridge the spread between demand and autochthonal production.There is a demand for immense investings in refinement, grapevines & A Marketing substructure5.1 India PRODUCT DEMAND & amp REFINING CAPACITYHarmonizing to the informations provided IOCLExcess refinement capacity is expected to increase farther by 2030India will go on to be merchandise excessImport/Export demand for crude/products to be rather significant6.0 OpportunityThe creative activity of extra refinement capacity of about 110 million tones per annum, an investing of about US $ 22 billion will be required, in the close hereafter. With such a phenomen al growing in the sector, so, ample chances and Scopess are at that place for transportation of the engineerings.The engineerings are required for the upgradation of the bottom barrel and run intoing the predominant demands of in-between distillations and bettering the quality of merchandises that make them environment-friendly and globally competitory.New refineries are located at the seashores while the major Centres, which are for the demand of crude oil merchandises are present in the inland topographic points, largely in North/North-West parts.Therefore, the chances for edifice inland refineries in the state are bing. In the field of petro-chemicals forward integrating is besides allowed for the refineries, which are for the merchandises which are better value-addition and environmental friendly, that will open another pastoral for the investings to happen.India holding a strong committedness to prosecute an energy form _or_ system of government and the environmental factors would be taken into consideration. State is following more environmental friendly steps with respects to the use and the quality of fuels. Decrease of lead and benzine in gasolene, decrease of sulfur and betterment of cetane in Diesel are the major steps that are under execution.Such a quality of upgradation of fuels will necessitate the acceptance of latest engineering, which are intimidate to incure immense investings of around $ 2500 million.India s advantagesIndia holding a immense substitute of trained and extremely skilled work force at a much lower cost as compared to some of the advanced states. Further, a big population base exists and really low per capita ingestion of crude oil merchandises is predominating, India is one of the fast emerge markets.The state has acquired tremendous have a go at it in the field of installing and efficient operation of crude oil refineries from the past 35 old ages.Therefore, the operating cost will be lower as compared to other states a nd the value-addition in Indian refineries is of a really high order and that the puting up of refineries in India for the domestic market every bit good as for exports would be economically attractive.India as an multinational refinement finish and emerging Asian refinement hubIndia is poised to be Asian Refining Hub due to built-in advantages in its economic system, geographic location, altering demographics, locality to high demand Centre of South East Asia and assorted other factors. India has been frontward looking in its thought and the full growing of Indian Refining Sector can be summed up in four distinguishable stages, namelyA AEarly stage A A A A ( 1947 1969 ) ,Development PhaseA A A ( 1970 1990 ) , economic Liberalisation PhaseA ( 1991 2005 )Mega Refining Hub Phase A ( 2006 onwards )India is steadily emerging as an international finish for oil refinement with investing demands lesser by 25 % 50 % as compared to its Asiatic opposite numbers. As per the analysis carr ied out by Deutsche Bank, India is expected to heighten its refinement expertness by 45 % in the following 5 old ages. Bing the fifth biggest worldwide state in context of distillment capacity, India enjoys 3 % of the international capacity portion. To travel in front in doing its presence mat strongly in the planetary market, Indian crude oil houses are be aftering to raise their distillment capacity from the bing 149 mtpa to 243 mtpa by FY 2011-12.Cost skirmishCost fight driven by lower fabrication rewardsLow capital and hard currency operating costsEntree to big, technically skilled fabrication base and work forceAutochthonal procuralBeginning A T KearneyStrategic location for petroleum sourcing and merchandise exportAdvantage of Economies of graduated table in big scale undertakings, along with experient and competitory building companies. The Autochthonal procurance sets a platform for cost effectual direction. Readily available movement set for puting up and runing refine ries with favorite substructure State of the art engineering being adopted for puting up and upgrading refineries with petroleum processing flexibleness and optimized merchandise slate and quality. Tax holidays/SEZs/PCPIRs offer first-class financial government. The Large domestic market every bit good as turning petrochemical industry has offered the following cardinal growingSoon over 34,500 Retail mercantile establishments ( IOC over 17,000 )Crude grapevine 3987 Km ( 34.5 MMTPA ) , merchandise grapevine 9454Km ( 55.09 MMTPA )politico installations at 14 ports locations 39 positions, 2 flatboat breakwaters, 8 SPMsincrease figure of participants in spread outing downstream sector risque refinement bordersLowest capex/opexDownstream regulator in topographic pointLow per capita oil ingestion at 111 kgoe

Internal and External Analysis of Tesla Essay

Tesla motors is able to differentiate itself from its rivals by offering a product that has yet to be matched. No opposite automotive connection has been able to produce a car that is all electric and female genital organ travel 250 miles on a single charge. In addition, no other company has a network of charge stations allowing Tesla owners to drive across the country if desired. Finally, Tesla motors has created a brand of elite cars, it has been said that Tesla owners may be more of a cult than that of Mac owners. The Tesla puzzle S is fitted out(p) with nothing but the best. From its 24 inch LCD screen, to its leather seats. The 90 kWH battery allows the Model S to travel 300 miles without being charged. This allows the Model S to be very light weight and travel 0 to 60 mph in 3.9 seconds.In addition, some intangible strengths of Tesla be its leadership, drive for innovation, and customer service. Tesla is unscramble by Elon Musk, a man operate for success, and also ha s capital to support the company. Tesla is the first car of its kind, and hopes to continue to expect timberland products. Tesla hopes to be among the first to offer an auto-pilot car. Soon they will be launching their Model X, an SUV of equal quality to the Model S. In the some future Tesla is looking to launch a pick-up truck as well. Tesla offers quality customer service, if ever there is problem Tesla representatives will quickly move into to pick up your car and leave you edition of the Model S, man yours is quickly repaired. Tesla plans to deliver the best cars in the world, and so far they are succeeding.Tesla processes are highly automated, allowing them the advantage to save on labor costs. to the highest degree of the manufacturing is done using 10 ft. tall robots. These robots are able to weld, contract bond and install different components. Eight robots work on a single car, and are able to produce 83 cars a day. These robots dismiss also be programmed to develop the Model X as well. sensation area which a Tesla receives a bit of grief for, is not allowing other dealerships to swap Tesla vehicles. While this may cause some bad foment it allows Tesla to keep full proceeds, and ensure that all who are interestedin investing in a Tesla receive the full experience and mark from an expert. This also comes into play when selling used vehicles it allows for greater salvage range and allows the Tesla Model S to retain value for a longer goal of time.Lastly Tesla, spends no money on advertising, and does not plan to. Tesla has a small in-house marketing team and an internal team to help run the Tesla website. Right now, the stores are our advertising. Were very confident we can sell 20,000-plus cars a year without paid advertising . . . It may be something well do years down the road. But its certainly not something we quality is crucial for sales right now, said spokesperson Alexis Georgeson.

Analyse the dramatic importance of the end of Act Essay

Analyse the prominent importance of the end of Act wizard of A View from the straddle (from the bottom of page 35 As the lights go out on Alfieri, they rise in the apartment, to the end of Act 1.)The breeze A View from the Bridge, is set in the late 1940s in New York. The be is well-nigh longshoreman on the docks in Brooklyn and -immigrants- Italian Ameri dejections who wanted the Ameri go off dream. The American dream was to be wealthy, to live in luxury and to commit better lives.At that time in europium a war had started in 1945. The main theatrical roles in the play atomic number 18 the Carbone family they are catholic and have an Italian family code-trust, honour, love, belief, protection, respect. This play was create verbally by the playwright Arthur Miller he wrote it in 1955. Miller wrote the play because he was a longshoreman for a while. What inspired him to write the play was a story he heard while act uponing on the docks.In this essay I will be analysing A ct angiotensin-converting enzyme of the play A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller. Millers use of stage directions and characterisation are important techniques in the developing of emphasis, suspense and curiosity in Act One.The end of Act One is so dramatically important for the characters feelings and relationships between each other have changed. Feelings have changed Eddie dis alikes Rodolfo.Catherine and Rodolfo are in a relationship and are getting really close. Marco threatens Eddie through actions not words. Catherine rebels against Eddies wishes. Beatrice is concerned some Catherines relationship with Eddie (her uncle). Towards the end of Act One tension is building and the advent happens Eddie is no longer in control of the situation. The interview can adept that tension and when the climax happens the audience are alter with suspense and are curious about what will happen next, to Eddie and/or the other characters.One of the other characters in the play is Alf ieri and he is a lawyer. Although Alfieri is a character in the play you find out he is narrating it. From Alfieris deliverance, we can tell something tragic is about to happen. The language used in his speech suggests something terrible, awful, unpleasant and shocking, I could have finished the story there and then. You can tell that Alfieri knows what is going to happen, I could see e rattling look coming, step after step, like a dark figure walking down(a) a hall towards a certain door. The use of Dark pattern suggests something ungodly. Alfieris speech gradually builds tension the audience are curious to find out what is going to happen in the last out of the play.Marco and Rodolfo left Italy to earn money for their family, because at that time there was shortfall in Italy. So they decided to immigrate to America where they now work on the docks. Soon after Alfieris speech in the apartment, Marco tells everyone about how he and Rodolfo sailed to Africa, on a fishing boat. Eddie feels jealous of Marco and Rodolfo and this causes his anger. With sarcasm Eddie says, They stipend all right on them boats? This suggests that Eddie is try to remain calm. Catherine complains about change of location to other places, They went to Africa once. On fishing boat and I was never scour in Staten island.From this you can tell that Catherine envies Marco and Rodolfo, because they have travelled to many countries. When Rodolfo tries to nitty-gritty in the conversation, Eddie ignores him deliberately. Rodolfo says, Once we went to Yugoslavia. Eddie says (to Marco), They pay alright on them boats? This shows Eddies jealousy, from him trying to change the subject. Eddie also says, They pay alright on them boats, because he wants to embarrass them- he thinks he earns a lot more than them and is trying to liken the amount of money that he work ups with the amount of money they make. When Eddie talks about oranges and lemons he seems annoyed that Rodolfo said someth ing to him.Eddie says (to Marco), I heard that they paint the oranges to make them look orange yeah I heard they grow like green. Rodolfo says, Lemons are green. Eddie says, I know lemons are green, for Christs interestingness from this you can tell he is irritated when Rodolfo comments on something he is lecture about. At this point in the play Eddie dislikes Rodolfo. The audience feel the tension in the atmosphere as Eddie has a slight outburst.Beatrice is Eddies wife and with Eddie they raised Catherine. After Eddies outburst Beatrice tries to diffuse the tension in the atmosphere. Beatrice talks to Marco, about his family back home in Italy. Beatrice says (sitting diverting their attention), your wife is gettin the money all right, Marco? From this you can see how tension is released, by Beatrice get-go a conversation about Marcos family. As they are talking you can tell Marco feels lonely and misses his family in Italy. Beatrice says, Thats wonderful. You feel better, heh? Marco says, Oh yes only Im lonesome. The stage directions show us he doesnt always talk about his family Marco says, Oh, no, she saves. I send everything. My wife is very lonesome. (He smiles shyly)From the way he is shy you can tell he doesnt often talk about his family. While the conversation is still going on, Eddie shows no respect towards Marco and is be insensitive towards him. Saying, I betcha theres plenty of surprises sometimes when those guys get back, heh? From this you can see how disrespectful Eddie is being and how Marco must be feeling towards his comment. At this point in the play, the audience are on the edge of their seats as the atmosphere is filled with suspense because the audience dont know how Marco will fight down to Eddie.

Personal and Criminological Theory

The sympathetic brain is very unique and it functions in many ways, giving case-by-cases the occasion to think, speak, plan, and imagine. However, when individuals cast crimes, the criminal justice system and scientist study that behaviour to take away the causes of crime. The needs and motivations of individuals who engage in crime differ based on biological origins, psychological, or amicablely induced. History has shown that by applying surmisal it allows researchers to perceive why individuals react the way they do to certain conditions. In this paper, I will explain what I believe are the occurrences of crimes and why mess commit them.I will also illuminate the variables associated with crime, identify reasons concerning the part and explain techniques used when evaluating the criminal behavior. When situations change it becomes an issue for individuals to adjust. Society categorizes and divided up individuals based on race, gender, family, and ultimately the amount of scotch resources they have. Society usually divides people into upper berth class, the middle-class, the working class, and the underclass. The amount of accumulated wealth or property that an individual owns determines the engagement to any class or group.The upper class consists of well to do families that maintain an enormous amount of monetary and social resources, but the poor consist of people living in poverty. Depending upon the opportunities available to individuals can affect the individuals chances in life. criminal offense occurs and it includes acts such as murder, rape assault, and theft. Individuals commit crime for several reasons, rational disorders, income, education, and economic factors, or a combination of them all. The disproportion of goods for all members of society negates the define goals and the norms that regulate the means to achieve the American dream.Goals are the valued purposes and interest group that America holds as original objectiv es for all members within its society. When disruption occurs and the social norms and conditions in which those norms no longer control the activity of society members the anomy and strain theory becomes a factor in why individuals commit crime (Williams & McShane, 2009, p. 77). The anomie and strain theory counsel that when in that location is a disjunction between means and goals individuals frustration and hotshot of injustice pass on from experiencing socially structured incapacities (Williams & McShane, 2009, p. 80).For example, discrimination by social class or racial discrimination in education and employment makes nark to institutionalised means of achieving success difficult. I think this is a good theory because of the variables considered to uphold the theory are individuals environment, education, family, peers, structure, media, drugs, and alcohol. The blocked opportunities to maintain social office creates new opportunities for crime. Individuals, who believe t hat there is an injustice in the conditions to which they are to red-hot within will not respect the norms of society and will line up to a way of self indulgence.If the measurement of success is through visible gain, it is only natural for people to pursue the American Dream by trying to accumulate property and economic prosperity. However, unequal access to legitimate economic structures is a source of eager strain, rage, and anger for Americans. Criminal behavior is a response from those whom society has failed to provide legitimate access to achieving that American Dream (Williams & McShane, 2009, p. 82). A variety of methods are available to the criminal justice researcher.Each method has strengths and weaknesses. However, in the hypothetical study concerning the unequal access to opportunities to pursue the American Dream, surveying individuals is an appropriate method for collecting data. With vicenary and qualitative studies in the form of questionnaires and interviews as well as field of honor research and historical research this can help in draught conclusions concerning the disproportionate of opportunities available to society and reasons behind criminal behavior (Kraska & Neuman, 2008, p. 2). In conclusion, when individuals commit crimes, the criminal justice system and scientist study that behavior to shape the causes of crime. Society categorizes and divided individuals based on race, gender, family, and ultimately the amount of economic resources they have. The amount of accumulated wealth or property that an individual owns determines the assignment to any class or group. Depending upon the opportunities available to individuals can affect the individuals chances in life.Individuals commit crime for several reasons, mental disorders, income, education, and economic factors, or a combination of them all. The anomie and strain theory suggest that when there is a disjunction between means and goals individuals frustration and sense of i njustice result from experiencing socially structured incapacities (Williams & McShane, 2009, p. 80). I think this is a good theory because of the variables considered to uphold the theory are individuals environment, education, family, peers, structure, media, drugs, and alcohol.Individuals, who believe that there is an injustice in the conditions to which they are to live within will not respect the norms of society and will conform to a way of self indulgence. However, unequal access to legitimate economic structures is a source of intense strain, rage, and anger for Americans. With quantitative and qualitative studies this can help in force conclusions concerning the disproportionate of opportunities available to the Americans and reasons behind criminal behavior.

How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve efficiency and job satisfaction Essay

In this essay I shall define motivate, furrow cheer, productiveness and entrusters. I shall then give a brief history of indigenceal theories and then discuss McClellands Motivational brings Theory to condone some methods of how mental faculty washstand be motivated by analysing the 3 main factors in his conjecture and explain how these factors slew motivate staff and to see if motivation does lead to cleansed productivity, I shall then meditate this theory and thoughts of former(a) theorists to see if motivation excessively leads to moving in satisfaction and conclude the gos of my research.Motivate The Oxford University Press (2014) states motivate is to provide (someone) with a causal agent for doing something he was primarily motivated by the desire for profit 2014, 2014, February 26th, Oxford University Press, http//www. oxforddictionaries. com/ exposition/english/motivate? q=motivate What is Job bliss? Job Satisfaction is when a person/employee is happy or content in their undertaking. What is productiveness? Productivity is a term used to describe a state, tone or fact of being able to generate, create or remediate goods and services.For example at the Chocolate Factory the Work Productivity was change magnitude and 10% much(prenominal) chocolate bars were produced than last year. Or the Councils Productivity increased after a restructure and they managed to provide more services to customers. What is a Leader? A Leader is someone who leads some other people this could be a manager, director, group leader, politician or anyone who leads people, unremarkably staff or one or more people. Motivational Theories in that respect waste been many management theorists throughout the years from 1908 (Henry Ford) to 1990 (Dr Stephen Covey) and other theorists/theories fore from 1990.David McClellands Motivational take Theory in 1961 identified that in that location were 3 types of pauperizations for motivation The Need for acti on (Goals, Deadlines etc. ) McClelland supposed that the Need for Achievement would motivate staff for example leadership setting goals, tar trounces or deadlines for staff to pass on prat motivate their staff to meet these deadlines (or goals) consequently enabling leaders to increase productivity and performance of staff by setting, planning and/or varying these deadlines, goals or targets.Without any goals or deadlines thither is no need for the staff to achieve a certain tally of productivity such(prenominal) as producing/finishing a specific amount of track down. Therefore I agree with McClelland that in that location is a motivational need for achievement to motivate staff and this kitty lead to amend productivity and performance. Many large companies such as Halfolds and MacDonalds weigh that Achievement motivates staff and they take in reward systems in place to motivate their staff.By achieving a good performance or a certain level of productivity they can earn rewards, if a worker meets the requirements they may get praise or a reward from their leader there in any case may be an incentive for the staff member to achieve their/these targets of which motivates them to work harder therefore increasing productivity by McClellands motivational need for Achievement.But also when a staff member meets their work goals, targets or deadlines this may improve labor satisfaction as they would know they have done well and their modular of work is sufficient to meet their goals even off if there is no incentive, but an incentive for the staff to meet goals can help motivate staff further to meet their goals. The Need for agent (Authority)Staff having authorization or power McClelland believed would motivate staff, I believe this is because it gives the staff member a sense of importance by having pronouncement and by would undertaking extra responsibilities that people with authority would usually sign such as managing staff, it also enables them to motivate staff who they have authority over and therefore they can improve performance and productivity by successfully managing their staff as well as improving their wrinkle satisfaction, possibly by making changes.The Need for standstill (Good/Friendly works Relationships/Being a part of a team, group, organisation etc. ) standstill/s in McClellands theory refers to staff being closely affiliated (or associated) which can refer to family, social, business or working relationships.This Affiliation is a state of being associated or affiliated, for example a staff member may be affiliated with a team or organisation and staff being in a team (therefore having tie-up with a team) McClelland believed staff may be more motivated by necktie as they are associated with other staff who may well-nigh likely be working towards a similar outcome to themselves and as a part of a team they may wish to be or become a team player and motivate themselves and other team members.For instance I have affiliation with the University of West capital of the United Kingdom Business Studies Course and as a student I am affiliated and effectively a part of a group of students, I am motivated to help other students as they wish to achieve the same outcome as me (a degree) and as I have affiliation with this group I am therefore self-motivated to achieve the same standard of work as my group or excel them and therefore I agree that there is a need for Affiliation and I believe this motivates me and my performance and productivity is improved as a direct result of Affiliation.McClelland believed that the majority of people have or show a compounding of these 3 types of needs and some favour specific needs or a combination of these needs. Matching the correct needs to the person can strongly improve their work productivity, performance and behaviour but can increasing motivation therefore lead to an improvement in job satisfaction?McClelland does specify in his theory tha t motivation can improve performance and work productivity, but he does not specify that it can lead to improved job satisfaction but from analysing his theory above you can see that 2 Motivational needs factors in his theory (the need for authority and the need for achievement) can lead to improved job satisfaction, this is backed up by the fact that McClellands motivational theory shows that motivation can lead to improved performance of staff and there is a direct link between improved performance and improved job satisfaction.The 3rd factor The Need for Affiliation through person-to-person experience at university and working as a part of team at various work places, I believe can also improve performance and job satisfaction). Naylor, Pritchard, & Ilgen 1980 Vroom, 1964 state that expectancy-based theories of motivation generally specify that satisfaction follows from the rewards produced by performance. Lawler and Porter (1967) who were expectancy theorists themselves argu ed that performance would lead to job satisfaction through the provision of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.As these authors noted, in short stated, good performance may lead to rewards, which in turn lead to satisfaction. The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship A Qualitative and Quantitative suss out 2001, 376-379, American Psychological Association, Inc, 3 I can conclude that leaders can motivate there staff using motivational theories such as McClellands Motivational Needs Theory in outrank to improve productivity and job satisfaction. I have also came up with my own theory based on McClellands Motivational Needs theory and the work of Naylor, Pritchard, & Ilgen 1980 Vroom, 1964, Lawler and Porter (1967).Josh Albrights (2014) Motivational eat Theory I agree with McClellands theory which I have discovered to some extent also agrees with other theorists (such as Naylor, Pritchard, Ilgen, Vroom, Lawler and Porter) that motivation leads to improved performance (producti vity) and job satisfaction, In order to increase job satisfaction and productivity you must increase motivation. The diagram I move below shows that the more motivation is increased or poured into staff the more job satisfaction and productivity will thereby be increased.

Pen and Paper

Many people believe that musket b each pen and paper inquirys argon not the beaver method of prizeing preceptal achievement.Discuss this view and give your own opinion.achievement ? improvement Schooling knowledge is turn increasingly popular and prominent as well as education improvement is (the improvement of education representing) (N+N) an essential stage for any countries(country) which pursuance to develop itself.Number of people (A considerable number of people ) deal that using a pen and paper in examinations are(is) not the best way of appreciation education achievement(means by which to appreciate educational achievement) .Opponents regards(regard) that using(the white plague of) classic formal (pen and paper)examinations are(as being)(( the best manner of assessing education development (by which to assess educational development).This essay will discuss these tow (two) views in footing of the technical field and the traditional field .On the one hand , thither is no justification for using traditional examinations in the heraldic bearing (the face up of the expansion) of technology . By(The use of) technological tools and programs becomes processing a data (makes data processing) after the test very(highly) comfortable and easy ( frank).In addition , it jackpot be use the teaching(the information can be used) to discover things(examine issues) such(prenominal) as the discovery of common mistakes , finding the nearly difficult questions and many more(so on) . Furthermore , it is really easy to correct examinations after the exams(subsequent to being sat) , as well as do not take a long(taking less) age to finish all it (such corrections).For example , the TCExam is an electronic tasting(testing) program which(for) making a exams and (that) it can correct 100 exams for (in) less than one minute . Because of technology , it could say (be said that) we do not use traditional exams are no longer needed.On the other hand , classic exams could reinforce a saving words(the retention of information) in the human memory rather(better) than any(other) method .For pillowcase , According(according) to statistics , when the learner use writing(writes information) by hand , prevent forget words(they forget)30% for the (less of the information than a )person using a computer . Moreover , using a pen and paper in a formal are( locateting allows for a) very transparent examinations . When(When) are decided(deciding) to using(use) a traditional exams technique , there is only a need to (for) papers and pens , unlike technological exams which need to(a) complete set of equipment . and accurate .As a result , using(the use of a) formal (pen and paper) examination can represent a substantial element in education(educational) development .In conclusion , it might not be possible to cover all the aspects of this issue . However , this essay has focused only on the technological field and traditional fields .The most important poi nts that have mentioned are that there is no justification for using traditional examinations in the presence of technology , and (whilst )using a pen and paper formal are(allows for a) very straightforward examinations . Finally , it can be said that using technological exams most likely represents the best way of assessing education(educational) achievement .

Blood Transfusion

BIOPURE INDUSTRIESA Marketing Analysis ground on the data from the case study by Jonn Gourville, Biopure Corporation , HBS, 1998April 20, cc5By speed considerably Stepanova ExecutiveSummary 2 Situation AnalysisI. HumanMarket.. 3II. puppetMarket.. 5 Marketing Planfor oxyglobin. 6 Final finale 7 Appendix 1 A (Excel documents, separate attachment) Appendix 1 B Executive Summary Many opportunities ar available in the humanity slant market due to several disadvantages of thecurrently available alternatives. stock-still much opportunities exist in the sentient being breed line market. Oxyglobin should be positioned as a high-quality ingathering designed for middle- to upper-classbudgets. The price for Oxyglobin should be somewhat $200 for the consumer and around $100 for the supplier(animal hospital) to account for distri exception markups and another(prenominal)carrying follow. Distri andion should be oriented in the regionalvicinity of the operation and implement largerclin ics.In addition, save want clinics are to be driveed. Current opportunities are favorable for Oxyglobins effect. Situation Analysis I. Human telephone line market. Patients with acute gillyflower freeing fromtraumaand surgery 40% individuals aged 65+. Chronic anemiapatients (any age) 1. 5 million for the year 1995. Blood loss, resulting from trauma (e. g. car accident) and surpass 2-3 units (1 unit = 10% oftotal blood content of human bole) call for immediateblood transfusion. Price is largely cost-based (storage, implementation) blood donation is free. live options. crimsonblood cellsand their components (hemoglobin, platelets, and plasma) arecollected viadonations, organized by blood army centers andthen transfused into patients. Current options allow for storage for 6weeks in refrigerate conditions, consequently disposed ofif unused. Hemoglobin uses oxygen-carrying efficiency by 50% if non usedwithin the first few weeks. Blood transfusion is number to blood typin g (A, B,AB, O, positive, negative) andreception/rejection by the body. Incorrect matching whitethorn be fatalfor the patient. Infection risks slow down the process oftesting blood prior to its use and aregreater if blood isnot separated into components. Infections overwhelm the risks of AIDS, hepatitis B,and contamination. Blood transfusion is available on-site unaccompanied (hospital or want room) as aresult, 30% traumapatients die prior to operation. Blood deliver is lower than hold, especially during peak periods (summermonths and winterholidays, during which car and other travel increases ? fewer donors and more patients). Blood rilievos. 3 companies in final stages awaiting FDAapproval (clinical testing). doorway into market is difficult (all current processes patented) andtime-consuming may takeup to 17 long time (See case Exhibit 3). Potential to replace current blood picture process bycomponent separation and purification, aswell as chemical fitting and stabilizati on of hemoglobin. Reduced risk of contamination and increased storage potential of 2 years. Added benefits for patients with constricted or restricted blood vessels (smaller size improvedaccessibility to organs). first step of adapting animal blood cells for use inhumans. Risk of toxicity and body rejection (sped upexcretion). Competitors/industry players .A. Baxter &Northfield Laboratories. Both rely on human blood supply toderive hemoglobin. Red blood cells obtained from expired banks. Require refrigeration. Baxter drawing card in schooling and manufacturing of blood-oriented medical equipment. Large facility doing content of 1 million units/year, fagged $250million on R&D. yield HemAssist to bepriced between $600-$800. Northfield Small facility 10,000-unit production capability but possible expansion into300,000 units/year. Focus on single product (PolyHeme), $70 million spent on development. B. Biopure Corporation. Specializes in protein purification for pharmaceutical use. Hemopure 2 years away from final approval. Derived from the blood of cattle. Production capacity of 150,000 butpossible production limitations due to expected concurrentusage of production equipment for animal version. read for removal ofhemoglobin clusters from product? excess process inproduction ability. Cost for Biopure at $1. 50 per unit of animal blood, but pattern to match Baxters price for finalconsumer product.II. wight blood market. Mainly cats (35%) and dogs (50%). 800 dogs were brought to fatetreatment due to acute blood loss in 1995,2. 5% severe. Existing options. 15,000 veterinary clinics. 5% of vet clinics perform emergency vex, with a 75% referral rate from primary careclinics. Current blood banks insufficient, demand greatly exceeds supply 2. 5 out of 30cases treated. 93% blood drawn from donor animals (78%in emergencies) an ethically questionable practice. 150 units of blood transfused per emergency care, 17 perprimary care center (Appendix A). No roug h-and-ready blood typing or cross-matching systems. Blood collection, storage, and transfusion too d early(a)-won for proper operation. Current cost of clinical careto animal owners relatively high, un coveted. ? 84% reinstate dissatisfaction with current alternatives. Blood substitutes. Biopures Oxyglobin currently the only existingFDA-approved substitute ready for launch. No evident chemical disagreement in theproduction process between animal and human supplement. Animal supplement approved sooner than human equivalent due to less-strict regulations in theanimal consumer market. Production capacity of 300,000 units, $200 million spent on development (combined withHemopure) Marketing Plan for OxyglobinPositioning strategy. Most animal owners (enthusiasts) can be fake to be within the middle toupperincome class, based on the extraneous cost of owning an animal (refer to case Exhibit 8 for a summary of number be of keeping apet). However, many consumers proved to beprice-consci ous about spendingadditional funds on optional services (this will be canvas further in thepricing strategy) therefore, nopremium strategy should be used.The product should be positioned asa high-quality supplement forblood transfusion, available to (affordable by) most animal owners. determine strategy. As cited, animalowners expect to spend limited amounts of money onanimal care thisis slightly different for emergency situations, where customers are impulsive to spend more,as demonstratedby the survey results (Exhibit 8 Table B). The typical cost of ablood transfusion to the customer iscurrently $100 for the traditional manner however, this price wassaid to have been cost-unjustified.Still, ex-servicemans were cited as thetrusted source for find out a patients treatment selection, which putspressure on the new substitute segment to seta competitive price standard. While bring in margins mayprove higher on a higher-priced item, theproducts sensitivity to story for being a su pposedlybetter, cheaper alternative to currently available options, which would fulfill the currently largely-unfulfilled demand for blood transfusion, would pressure Biopure to price its Oxyglobin according tocustomer expectations (See Existing options, page 5 of this report).Those expectations, aswe can seefrom the attached appendix (Appendix 1 A and B), are that the price to the consumer be about $200 ($100to the veterinarian keeping the50% markup), which would give the company the largestmarginal gainin revenues (higher prices are in truth marginallosses ), while still retaining the major demand (weconsider emergency care centers more important here,since they have, proportionally, a much largerdemand than primary care centers).In equipment casualty of theprice difference between Oxyglobin and its competitorin the human segment, Baxter, the latter spent $50 million more on R&D than Biopure, so the pricepremium on Baxter can bejustified by higher costs in addition, Biopures pe r-unit costs are significantlysmaller because it uses cattle blood. In addition, Biopure may price Hemopure slightly higher because ofthe extra processing that goes into making it,as well as the variation inthe segment and target audience(people are willing to spend more onthemselves than on animals). Distribution.Biopure should only target emergency carepractices. Although those only make up 5% ofthe boilers suit industry, 75% primary care specialists will referan acute blood loss case (such as a trauma)toone of these centers. Furthermore, Biopure should target large practices (3+ doctors) done regionaldistributors, both of which account for the largest sales inthe industry. Considering the limited volume ofsupplies Biopure is button to have, anational distribution may not be desirable right away, until thecompany at least increases its production capabilities.A regional distributor would be local enough tounderstand the specific needs of its market (e. g. , New England), and a larger vet practice could provemore efficient (and less costly) interms of the availability of materials andthe reduction of transfers,thereby also reducing the consumers costs and increase the rateof success by providing a quickerservice (in other words, it would have morecases, but more doctors available tohelp overall, fewercases per doctor see Exhibit 7).Of course, the drawback is that a large clinic would not be as personal. The 1 million dollar question Should Oxyglobin be launched? Yes. Launching early allows for an audience test? Achieve acclaim/recognition for a break-through baring that is beneficial because it-Fulfills an unsatisfied/dissatisfied need (better quality bloodtransfusion, availability)-Reduces costs to both suppliers and consumers.? Easier entry into secondary (human) market tested on animals more trustedthan untestedcompetitors.?Potential to utilize production to full potential (instead of dissever up with Hemopure) later on, dividebased on larger per-u nit profit (andnot needs the stated 150300 ratio).? If fails or doesnt test well Would aid in the decision about improving current human version (complete discontinuation notan option due tothe immense initial investing in R&D)- Reduce the shock of having to change both formulas (processes) at the same time longer timespan gives better flexibility and more time for testing and forward motion less drastic. Hemopure and Oxyglobin,although similar in purposes, are meant for two completelydifferent segments they should not be compared based on price because price expectations aredifferent for humans than they arefor animal needs the demand for Oxyglobinis clear andsignificant, while the demand for the same product in the human market is questionable. Therefore, stick with Oxyglobin which already has the approval and launch it.

Scientific Method Matching Exercise Resource

Nicole Whaley BIO-220 May 7, 2012 Chris Traasdahl Scientific Method Matching Exercise imagery 1. Observe. A scientist observes that a pond adjacent to an industrial plant has heavier algae branch than ponds farther away (G). I chose this as an example of reflectivity because the disapprobation explains in detail how the scientist first gathered the idea to for conducting the experiment. 2. collect a question. A scientist wonders if the waste water emitted from an industrial plant is accelerating the growth of algae in a pond(C).I believed this designate to be where the scientist asked himself whether or non the industrial plant had any bearing on the accelerated growth. I believe this sentence shows this. 3. Create a surmisal. A scientist, based on his observation of the pond, believes that if a pond is exposed to the waste of an industrial plant, consequently the growth of algae will be accelerated (A). This to me is an educated guess. Although the scientist has not tested or proven anything yet, his educated guess is clearly stated here in this sentence. . Conduct an experiment. In her laboratory, a scientist pours a ampoule of waste water, collected from the industrial plant, and adds it to a dish containing pond water. A second dish (the control dish), containing the same pond water, does not deliver the waste water sample (B). This sentence gives the reader a proposition by stating that the scientist is in her laboratory. It is here where the scientist usually conducts any experiment so it is only right that I would believe this to be the appropriate sentence for this step. . Collect entropy. After 5 days, the scientist measures the amount of algae present in each dish (D). Here the scientist is about to actually see if his hypothesis was correct. It is here that he will gather the information he take to either prove or disprove his assumption. 6. Interpret results. After the data is collected, the scientist discovers that the dish containi ng both the pond water and waste water had much than twice the amount of algae than the control dish (F).I choose this sentence or step in the scenario because it is after you gather your data that you argon able to make a proven statement about what it is you progress to discovered in an experiment. 7. Report results. The scientist conveys his findings to a scientific journal (E). By sending or submitting his findings to a scientific journal leads me to believe that the scientist has reason his experiment and are satisfied with his findings. Therefore he is ready to submit results.

Intensive Livestock Operations in Industrial Agriculture

As the worlds population continues to grow at an ever increasing rate, we ar forced to find more efficient moods to produce adequate quantities of fare in order to satisfy consumer demand. Although at that place are several(prenominal) alternatives, the roughly convenient rootage seems to be the development of industrial performance agriculture, which results in the farming practices of restrain animal aliment.Intensive store trading operations or confined animal nourishment operations (CAFOs) are farms in which anywhere from several hundred to several thousand animals are being raised in tremendously condensed spaces for the commercial produce signal of poultry, meat and dairy. The Swiss College of Agriculture defines industrial systems as having lineage densities larger than 10 livestock units per hectare, and they depend primarily on out case supplies of feed, energy, and other arousals, as in confined animal feeding operations(Menzi. Oenema.Shipin. Gerber. Robins on. Franceshini. ). Although CAFOs are currently the most price-effective and efficient way to produce animal products, there are multiple adverse make associated with these merchandise practices. Tons of spread out, waste, and other by-products generated from intense livestock operations choke off the air, soil, and pee in surrounding areas due to artless run-off. CAFOs pose a serious threat to the milieu from water and air befoulment, which in uprise is potenti anyy harmful to the wellbeing of humans.Nevertheless, supporters of modern industrial outlandish outturn practices claim that the economic benefits of theses farming practices currently outweigh the potential resultant roles to the milieu and order. Although modern industrial agricultural practices may have a fewer problems, there are a multitude of advantages that are commonly miss when discussing the effects of these production techniques. After all, the development of industrial agriculture was the solu tion to a problem before it was ever the problem.When demand for cheap nutriment began to grow substantially in the mid twentieth century, farmers began to use production techniques such as intensifier livestock operations to supply this increase demand. In addition to increased production quantities, intense livestock operations have significantly humiliateed food prices by throw overboarding farms to enjoy lower production be, greater production efficiency and increased consistency and retain over product output due to standardization.According to the Union of refer Scientists, the benefits of industrial agriculture have been cheap food a release of comprehend from agricultural activities for employment in other sectors large, profitable chemical and agricultural industries and increased export markets. It is difficult to ignore the massive economic contributions indirectly related to to intensive livestock operations as well. For example, the Union of Concerned Scienti sts estimates that nontherapeutic animal agricultural use (drugs given to animals even when they are non sick) accounts for 70 percent of total antibiotic consumption in the unite States (Sayre).The excess profits these pharmaceutical companies earn each year as a result of confined animal feeding operations enables pertly business investments, which in turn creates new jobs. Nevertheless, the system is not double-dyed(a) and several problems do exist with industrial production agriculture. However, the revenues generated by these industrial production practices account for a significant portion of US gross domestic product and are an integral part of the economy. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, agricultural products make up 10 percent of all exported US merchandise. It would patently be in any case detrimental to planetary and domestic food supplies as well as the economies associated with each to suddenly discontinue the use of industrial farming practices. Industrial livestock operations are widely scrutinized, and rightly so. Although the monetary production gains from industrial livestock operations are substantial, there are countless environmental and social costs associated with these production practices. defilement from animal waste is the most immense problem concerning CAFOs.John Cotter of the Canadian Press states that, Canadian livestock produced 164 billion kilograms of manure in 2001, luxuriant to fill Torontos Sky Dome stadium twice a week. There is simply too oftentimes manure in too small a space to be able to economically persuade of it in an environmentally friendly way. The inability to properly dispose of all the tons of animal waste produced results in farmland around industrial livestock operations to become overly saturated with excrement, which leads to agricultural run-off polluting streams and rivers.Polluted water from agricultural runoff has tested positive for E. coli from farm animal manure and was responsible for killing seven people and making 2,300 others ill in the rural Ontario community of Walkerton in May of 2000(Cotter). Antibiotics used in intensive livestock operations may contaminate the water supply as well causing a rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant microbes, an inevitable consequence of the widespread use of antibiotics as feed additives in industrial livestock operations (Sayre).Air pollution from concentrated animal feeding operations is of developing concern as well, they emit methane gas, a factor in global climate change, and hydrogen sulfide, which causes flulike symptoms in humans and, at high levels, leads to head word damage(EH update). Although there are numerous additional consequences resulting from industrial livestock operations, water and air pollution have the greatest impact on human safety and the environment.The adverse social and environmental costs of intensive livestock operations must be taken into consideration when find out the true c ost of cheap food. Although substantial conflicts arise between the deuce opposing views on CAFOs in industrial production agriculture, neither side can deny the resulting economic benefits nor the potential environmental and societal hazards related to these production practices. The core discrepancy between the two outlooks lies within the cost/benefit analysis of industrial farming practices.Supporters of industrial agriculture and intensive livestock operations claim that the economic benefits gained through these efficient production techniques such as increased output, lower production costs, and profits to input suppliers significantly outweigh the latent environmental and societal dangers associated with these production practices. On the other hand, opposing parties maintain that the water, air, and soil pollution caused by industrial livestock operations along with the resulting detrimental consequences to society and the environment are far greater than the economic bene fits renderd by these production practices.Although I am an avid believer in the free market and the theory that universal resources such as water and air should be shared, there is much needed regulation in industrial livestock farming practices. These grind farms are extremely un salutary not only for consumers of the products produced, but for society as a whole. The farming practices related to concentrated animal feeding operations are socially, environmentally, and economically unsustainable in the long run. Antibiotic resistance, the universe of discourse of new pathogens as well as water and air pollution will have detrimental effects on society.Nevertheless, a healthy domestic and global economy is critical to the well being of the US and world populations. It would be impossible to simply stop or censor industrial agricultural practices without causing a huge disruption in both domestic and global food supply, as well as the economies associated with each. If we are s erious about cleaning up production agriculture, brass policies such as zoning regulations and taxes can discourage large concentrations of intensive production(Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations).Other policy decisions include, eliminating subsidies, adjusting taxes and providing incentives for investing in applied science to reduce pollution could reduce the environmental damage caused by industrial livestock production (Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations). Above all, it is imperative that we go through policy decisions that aim to reduce industrial agricultural practices by limit government subsidies and transfer payments, in addition to increasing the benefits farm income programs provide to farmers who practice sustainable forms of agriculture.It is somewhat difficult to truly analyze the costs and benefits related to CAFOs and industrial agricultural practices because many of the consequences cannot be quantified. However, we mus t recover that these industrial farming practices were adopted in order to increase output to meet the growing demand for agricultural products. Without the use of industrial farming, it would be nearly impossible to economically supply the global population with sufficient quantities of food. In addition, these farming practices support numerous other business ventures that allow other sectors of the economy to grow.Nevertheless, these industrial agricultural practices pose serious threats to the environment and society due to the pollution they produce. Although it is unreasonable to suggest that these farming practices should be prohibited, steps can be made toward reducing agricultural pollution by implementing effective and economical policy decisions, that support sustainable agriculture. whole caboodle Cited Cotter, John. Rein in factory farms, group tells Ottawa Environmentalists report urges national regulation of large-scale manure dumping. Canadian Press (2002) Lexus Ne xus. 17 Sep. 2011. EH Update Water Fluoridation Debate. Journal of Environmental Health. Issue 65. 3 (2002) Vol. 52. pgs 1-7. schoolman Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 Sep. 2011. (No author listed) Environment Industrial Livestock action Near Cities Considered Damaging. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Africa discussion. (2006) LexusNexus. 17 Sep. 2011. Sayre, Laura. The incomprehensible Link Between Factory Farms and Human Illness. Mother Earth News 232 (2009) 76-83. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO.Web. 17 Sep. 2011. Swiss College of Agriculture, Menzi, H. Oenema, O. Burton, C. Shipin, O. Gerber, P. Robinson, T. Franceschini, G. Impacts of intensive livestock production and manure management on the environment. Livestock in a ever-changing landscape, Volume 1 drivers, consequences and responses. 2010 pp. 139-163. ISBN 978-1-59726-671-0. Union of Concerned Scientists. The Costs and Benefits of Industrial Agriculture. sustainable AgricultureA New V ision. 1997. http//www. portaec. net/library/food/costs_and_benefits_of_industrial. hypertext markup language

Language Corrupts Thought Essay

Language Corrupts Thought Essay Speeches atomic number 18 given every last(predicate) the time, all around the world. Speeches are given to express opinions and feelings by revealing the vocalizers qualities and opinions, which can impact business, politics, and world events. Politicians are constantly vitiate citizens thoughts. They do this in order to distort the truth, to gain your attention, and to go along and follow what they believe. In March 2008, Sally supply say her position in homosexuality.Looking through Kerns legal transfer, she is distorting the truth by revealing biased statistics, information that is irrational, and that she is influencing others with her trust view. First, Kern use of statistics is totally biased. Matter of fact, studies show no society that has totally embraced homosexuality has lasted more than than, you know, a few decades. So its the death knell for this country. This so called study is completely biased because she has no proof o r evidence that what she is stating is even a bit true.And she has no proof to prove to us that thither have been societies that have died out because they embraced homosexuality. She is a bigot in much(prenominal) a way that she wont tolerate those who hold antithetic opinions from her own, which is non something we look for in a legislator or allone who is a objet dart of the government system. Throughout the speech, Kern demonstrates reasons to why she is against homosexuals. I honestly moot its the biggest threat even, that our body politic has, even more so than act of terrorism or Islam, which I think is a big threat. OK? Homosexuals are not a threat to our nation.The comparison between terrorism and homosexuals clean cannot be made. Homosexuals do not cause a danger to our country or our universe, for that matter. There have been no the Statesns killed by LGBT citizens, if at all, there are more Americans killing LGBT citizens, not directly, but through dangerous acts. Terrorists have killed thousands of sight, posing a threat to our country, which are things that homosexuals have not done. Homosexuals are already citizens who have equal rights. They want excess rights for the bankers acceptance of their deviant lifestyle.Im thankful that Oklahoma is different than California and New York. I pray it stays that way. Once again, Homosexuals do not want special rights, all they want is to be able to live their life, married with their material other. What is so different between a man and woman pairing and 2 men or 2 women marriage? Throughout history, people have stood up for things that they did not agree with. African Americans were segregated for years. George Wallace, author governor of Alabama, said in his inaugural address, I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. judging African Americans found on the simulation of their skin. Or the Jewish people taken from their homes to concentration camps judging t hem based on their religion. Homosexuality is no different. Another thing Kern ceaselessly states in this speech is her religious view, hinting that her religious view is superior to any other. But if I were to ask you what is the one thing that has made America great, that makes us unique, what would it be? What made us great is that we were a nation founding on Christian principles I am not locution everyone has to be Christian this is not a homogenous nation.What you have to be is someone who believes in a Judeo-Christian ethic, in other words, in knowing theres a right and wrong. She asked the question, and then answered it herself. Instead of letting the Americans minds wander and to think for themselves, Kern just automatically answered for them without thought of a different opinion. Also, she contradicts herself in that last sentence. Shes telling us we can pick whatever religion wed like, which is what should happen, but telling us we need these requirements regardless o f what religion we believe in or even if we believe in one.This is said simply to push more people towards Christianity and believe with what she believes in. Kern all the way through her speech, turn to the issue of homosexuality and why she thought it was inhumane and unjust for our country. However, Kern filled her speech with absurd ideas and invalid information. Kerns speech about homosexuality evidently failed because Kern did not back up information with proof or evidence and tried using her religion to persuade people to side with her. Work Cited http//www. boxturtlebulletin. com/2008/03/20/1662

The Greek Mythology

Grecian Mythology is a group of teachings and myths that were originated by the ancient Greeks, when they were try to understand the origin of subjects in the sky and on earth. This myth was a big part of the religion of the Greeks. Hesiod offers the theogony, which tells of the dealings with the creation of the population, and the origin of the gods, titans, and giants.genus Athene, also called genus Athene, was a goddess of many a(prenominal) things like wisdom, and courage. She was innate(p) to genus Zeus and Metis in be on Olympus. She was amply grown and wearing armor from head to toe. genus Athene is verbalise to be a pre-Hellenic goddess that was taken by the Greeks. Her story shows that the people were facial expression for closure over wisdom and state of war during this time.This myth seeks to explain rough count little inventions. She has a study influence on todays culture. For instance, her helmet is featured on the crest of West institutionalize Academy, as well as represented the first pegleg of the joined States forces just for women. Although there be many different stories of how Athena came to be, most known one is that Zeus swallowed Metis and Athena sprang from his head.Because she is the goddess of many things, Athena is featured on many new-fangled crests, was praised by the Greeks in their time, and was supposedly the origin of many great inventions. Although unstained Greek culture was during the period of the 4th and 5th centuries, ancient Greek culture and myths are horrifyingly influential in many aspects like, language, politic, educational system, philosophy, science, the arts, and the gods.For instance, our country is a democracy. Democracy is say to originate from Greece. Not that that, we use the gods and goddesses in our everyday life. Athenas helmet is featured on the West Point Military Academy crest. Her head is represented on the first branch of the United States Army that is for women. Hellenic polyth eists worship the Greek gods, olympians, nature divinities, pit deities, and heroes.Hellenic religion is any systems of beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks during the Hellenic period and the romish Empire. Religion was very important to the Greeks because they believed that religion would make their lives better. This Hellenistic world was made after conquest that went from India to Egypt and took ab extinct 20 to complete after Alexander the Greats death. (Hellenistic Culture) Athena was born to Zeus and Metis, at Mount Olympus, fully grown and wearing full armor from head to toe.Athena is said to be a pre-Hellenic goddess that was taken from kgjhjv by the Greeks. There are many different versions of how Athena came to be. Most say that Zeus and Metis conceived a babe girl. Before Metis gave birth, Mother Earth told Zeus that a child born to Metis would one day overthrow his throne. He became worried because that is the same thing he did to his own father. Zeus challenge d her in a shapeshifting contest she saturnine herself into a fly and taking the advice of Gaea and Uranus, Zeus swallowed her up.A a couple of(prenominal) days later, he started to get dreadful headaches and asked his son, Hephaestus, to take an axe and disperse his head open.(Temple)Some versions say that Palamon and Hermes helped Zeus give birth. Others regard her to be his daughter, still also as the daughter of genus Athene, whom she killed later because he tried to infract her chastity.Another that was transplanted to Libya, says that she is the daughter of Poseidon and Tritonis. According to Athena, herodotus became enraged with her father and went to Zeus, who later stepped in as her father. These were regarded more as Hellenistic Myths (Athene) Athena was a goddess of many aspects like wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, strategic warfare, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill.She was the goddess of arts and crafts becaus e of her spinning and weaving. She was the goddess of war and wisdom because she sprang from Zeuss head and she was a ruthless warrior. She was very strategic and happy during warfare. She is a lot portrayed as the companion of heroes is the patron goddess of heroic endeavour. (Athene)Athena was featured in many heroic stories. One being, when she assisted Odysseus in his adventures.Odysseus and Athena were similar. He was the Greek King of Ithaca just as she was a great goddess. They had some of the same qualities. They were some(prenominal) nondiscriminatory, and clever. When it came to helping Odysseus in the fifth column War, she was there. Other gods didnt like that he was helping the Trojans.Most of all, she helped him on his mood home, because he ran into many obstacles. He was imprisoned by Calypso then, when he escaped, he went sailing through storms, which later resulted in many shipwrecks. He then found himself in trouble with many other gods like, Poseidon and Polyp hemus. Athena did not want to make the other gods angry, so she only offered Odysseus wisdom.When he returned safely to Ithaca, Athena helped him disguise as a beggar.(Temple) A less heroic story of Athena, is when she accidentally killed her friend, genus Athene. As a young woman, Athena didnt quite fit in on Mount Olympus. So she went out to find a friend, Pallas. Her new friend was the daughter of Triton, the sea god.The often practiced their combat skills with each other. On time they were doing their session when Pallas took a fatal blow from Athena. Feeling sorrowful, Athena put a statue of Pallas near Zeuss throne Mount Olympus.(Temple) Athena has a major influence on todays culture her helmet is featured on many things of the United States. One being the West Point Academy crest.Her helmet represents her wisdom, while her brand represents a warrior. The seal of California also features her head. It symbolizes the goddess of wisdom overlooking the scene. (Seal of California) The US Women Army Corps shows her head as their insignia. Athena is said to be the origin of many things that make up Greek culture.She made the statue of Pallas that sits near Zeuss throne. She helped many heros on adventures, like the one with Odysseus. She also has tremendous influence on modern culture. For instance, she is featured on the Seal of California, the U.S. Womens Army Corp, and the West Point crest. Its is clear that Athena is relevant in both ancient times and modern day culture. She is, many times, the symbol of power, wisdom, and valor. This is what makes her so influential in the world.

How important was the fear of Trotsky becoming leader in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle in the years 1924-1929? Essay

Every iodin believed Trotsky would take lead after Lenin died, even if they didnt want him to. No one scene it would be Stalin. Therefore, Stalin felt he had to conquer Trotsky in order to locomote leader. However, the fear of Trotsky becoming leader isnt the only factor in explaining Stalins victory in the place struggle.Lenin died, January 21 1924. This is when the Lenin Legacy begun. Stalin took it upon himself to bump a speech at Stalins funeral he personally swore to unravel on the work of Lenin. As General Secretary he oversee the Lenin Enrolment (expansion of the party in tribute to Lenin). He published a book Foundations of Leninism, a basic understanding of Lenins ideas for the uneducated. Stalin emphasised his fealty to Lenin by dishonoring Trotsky and other Bolsheviks by saying they were unfaithful.Stalin employ the Decree against Factionalism to lodge opponents of disloyalty to the memory of Lenin. Stalin used the Lenin Legacy to his advantage all the way thro ugh with(predicate) the power struggle. In 1924, when The Lenin Enrolment was announced, the party increased from 500,000 to over 1 million members by 1926. The new members were young, in-experienced and lacking education. This meant Stalin could easily influence them.Zinoviev and Kamenev two feared Trotskys power more(prenominal) than Stalin. They teamed up with Stalin, in order to over-throw Trotsky. He was unpopular as he was highly arrogant. Thus when he unconnected(p) Lenins funeral due to Stalin telling him the wrong date, he became even more hated. In a Marxist fashion, Trotsky travelled the domain of a function, informing people of world variety. This meant Stalin could build a good relationship with Russia, persuading everyone he would carry on the work of Lenin.In December 1924, Stalin spoke of socialism in one country Trotsky strongly disagreed and as a result he was impeach of Factionalism. In January 1925, the important Committee removed Trotsky from the conten d Commissariat. From 1928 onwards Trotsky lived his living in exile before being murdered in 1940.Stalin had allied with Zinoviev and Kamenev but after Trotskys defeat they were concerned that Stalin had too lots power within the Party. Kamenev was defeated, his lost control of the Moscow Party. However Zinoviev fought back, he held onto the Leningrad Party and attacked the NEP policy. They argued that it was capitalist and it was time to introduce quick industrialisation. However, they also questioned communism in One Country, which meant the attack was also against Bukharin.They realised that without an international revolution they wouldnt reach Marxism Utopia, as the economic backwardness of the country would demolish the Soviet Union. Therefore, Stalin and Bukharin united. Once again, Stalin accused Zinoviev of Factionalism. Bukharins popularity and Stalins control of the delegates allowed them to defeat Zinoviev.At the 14th Party Congress in December 1925, livid delegates shouted down the slander of Stalin and defeated the programme of Zinoviev and Kamenev by 559 votes to 65. 1926, Zinoviev lost control of Leningrad to be replaced as Chair of the Comintern by Bukharin. Following this, Zinoviev and Kamenev attempt to form an alliance with Trotsky (he had spoke out about the NEP policy in 1924) but there was little trust between them. In 1926, they released copies of Lenins Political will but it didnt work, they were seen as Factionalists.They were removed from The Central Committee and secret police were used to stop the Political Testament being published. They were sent to exile.Stalin had defeated the Left wing of the politburos he at a time planned to attack the Right wing. By 1926, the Soviet Union was effectively ruled by Stalin and Bukharin. Stalin saw the NEP as a compromise with the peasantry. Ironically, he now agreed with the United Oppositions policies to introduce rapid industrialisation. He turned against Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky. In November 1929 Bukharin lost his position in the politburo. Stalin used his powers as General Secretary to purge the trades leadership thus Tomsky losing his nominate on the Central Council of Trades Union and his place in the politburo in 1930.21 December 1929, Stalins 50th birthday, Pravda call him the Lenin of today, Stalin had finally win the power struggle.When looking at all of the factors for why Stalin won the power struggle, the fear of Trotsky coming into power seems a small influence. However, it was the difference in personalities and different views for the county that kick started the power struggle. Trotsky did not fight for power he simply fought for what he thought was right. Even though he was an ex-Menshevik, he kept closest to the theory of Marxism. For example, when he lost his role of The War Commissariat he didnt fight back.He never believed he would be in charge because he was Jewish. While it was important, I do not believe the fear of Trotsky to be the crucial component in Stalin winning the power struggle. He was a vindictive creature that would go to the extremes to get what he wanted. His political genius was much more vital. Without it I dont think he would have got where he did.He was cunning in the fact that he was able to not only defeat the bodies of the politburo but also, use their skills to his advantage and then turn against them. As well as this, being General Secretary was a largish advantage, it allowed him to keep the Political Testament a secret. The Lenin Legacy was also extremely important. When he expanded the Bolshevik party, I believe he brainwash many of the new members. He used their lack of education against them.