Bacteriological Safety of Water Analysis

Bacteriological Safety of Water analysisComparison of bacteriological safety of pee at collection points and deglutition piddle at domicile level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipalityKewaza Johnmartin1*, Nkalubo Edgar, Kayiwa Samuel, Kafuma Paul, Kyarisiima Catherine, Labii Ogom Edward, Iramiot Jacob Stanley and Ntaro MosesAbstractBackgroundEfforts suffer been made to translate safe body of pissing system supply to the public through turn of events of safe body of urine seeded players in communities together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of potable piss. Despite those efforts, in that location is lifelessness popular manipulation of foul pissing supply that has cause a persistently high preponderance of water supply related illnesses. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources rout out be maintained up to employ up at kin level. This assume opposed the bacteriological safety of water at collection points an d drinking water at base level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipalityMaterials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional development. We salt away samples from water sources used by respondents and from their domestic drinking water. Samples were analyse in the Microbiology laboratory . Petrifilms were used to enumerate coliform bacteria in water.Results A totality of 60 drinking water samples were analyzed. Although more or less households (88.3%) reported to render boiled drinking water, 21.7% of drinking water samples were official for E. coli. A total of 24 water sources were analyzed, 22 of which were lights-out whilst 2 were open rise up. Of the 22 tap samples, 22% were commanding for total coliforms. Both well samples were unconditional for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml.Conclusion health benefits of providing opening to cleansed water sources to communities can be imperil by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the s ources of recontamination of clean water at household level make to be strengthened. Continued study pertaining good household sanitary practices ur gently requires re- addressing.Key words Bacteria, contamination, water sources, drinking water, MbararaBackgroundWater is the most essential component of human health, food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability. Although water is essential for life, it can and does transmit pathogens that are a major(ip) of 2.2 million diarrheal disease deaths occurring annu on the wholey 1. Diarrheal disease carcass one of the leading killers of children around the world, responsible for the deaths of nearly 1.6 million children annually, withal is no longer considered a global health priority 2. In evolution countries, as much of 80% of illnesses are linked to sad water and sanitation conditions 2. The government of Uganda together with several Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) has made efforts to provide safe water to th e public through construction of safe water sources together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of drinking water. 2012 statistics channelises a 64% access to safe water in verdant settings and a 68% access to safe water in urban settings 4. Despite all the supra efforts, there is still frequent consumption of contaminated water that has caused a persistently high prevalence of water related illnesses 3. Improving the quality of drinking-water is a powerful environmental determiner of health. It continues to be the foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases 4. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources can be maintained up to consumption at household level. We conducted a cross sectional study to compare the bacteriological contamination of water at collection points and drinking water at household level.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study that involved two quantitative and qualitative methods of selective information collection. Upon approval from the university Institutional Review Board, respond adult household members aged 18 years or above in Kizungu, Kakoba division, Mbarara municipality, were en roll in the study between June and July 2013. Questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews and data collected on handling practices of drinking water. They included boiling drinking water, source of water and computer transshipment center. Domestic water sources and drinking water were subsequently sampled and microbiologically analyzed.Sampling was systematic. The study area was divided into atomic number 23 cells Market cell, underlying cell, Upper cell, Agip cell and Kabateraine cell. The sample size was then divided amongst the five cells to obtain the number of household to participate in from apiece one cell. These were selected as follows two main highways in a cell were randomly picked and from these, 15 plots were picked. One household out of the 1 5 plots was selected to participate. The 15 households were selected as follows first from the extreme end of the selected street and walking across one street towards another in more or less a successive line, one plot on the straight line was selected until the sample of 15 was reached. From each of these plots, the first household that had an eligible respondent was enrolled in the study.From each selected households drinking water was sampled 100ml. Each participating household was asked for their source of water and a water sample was taken from this source so long as it had not already been taken. Water samples were aseptically collected using sterile containers. The samples were transported within 2 hours of collection in a cool box containing ice packs to a microbiology laboratory. Sample collection was in accordance to the standard procedures as documented by Monica, 2006 5.Petrifilms were used for the analysis. From 100ml of each sample was pipetted 1ml. Lifting up the c over sheet on the plate, the pipetted volume was gently release onto the center of the pink circle of the petrifilm. Slowly, the top cover was rolled back down onto the sample, which spread it. The inoculated petrifilms were incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours to admit any bacteria that might have been present in the inoculant to grow and form visible colonies. The colonies associated with gas bubbles on each petrifilm were counted and the obtained routine multiplied by 100 to obtain a coliform count per 100ml.Analysis of data was descriptive involving determination of frequencies, and presentation in form of statistical tables. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results were interpreted using WHO Guidelines for Drinking water quality assessment 6,4.ResultsA total of 60 household were included in the study. From each of these households, an adult was interviewed. Of the 60 respondents, 6 were males whereas 54 were females. The mean number of members in each household was 4. denotation of Domestic WaterA total of 24 sources were sampled. Of these, 22 were from taps whereas 2 were from shallow wells (defined as a hand-dug well). One of the wells was turn up just close to a kraal with cattle excretion stream into the well. In most circumstances, residents of a plot shared one water source. In a few cases, several plots shared a water point.Water analysisSourcesAnalyses of water sources revealed that, of the 22 tap samples, 5 (22%) were positive for total coliforms with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 700cfu/100ml respectively. Both well samples were positive for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml (Table 1).Table 1 Bacteriological analysis of water sources in Kizungu slum Mbarara MunicipalityMay-June, 2014 (n=22)Drinking waterA total of 60 samples were analyzed. Of these, 21.7% were positive for E. coli with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 3400cfu/100m l respectively (Table 2).Treatment and storage of drinking waterOf the 60 households interviewed, majority (88.3%) boiled drinking water. Majority, 86.7% used charcoal as a fuel for boiling. 76.7% stored drinking water in jerry cans. Regarding storage conditions, majority (85%) stored water at room temperature. Of the 60 participants, 20% reported to have had an episode of diarrhea in the past 3 months.Table 2 Bacteriological analysis of drinking water in households of Kizungu slum Mbarara MunicipalityMay-June, 2014 (n=22)DiscussionIn this study, we found that the quality of water from sources significantly depreciates at household level, with only a few water sources faecally contaminated compared to close to a quarter of drinking water sampled from 60 households that were feacally contaminated. These results are consistent with other large studies 7,8,9,10, whose findings also indicated that contamination increased along the water chain starting from the source to stored drinkin g water. Tragically, our results show that interventions aiming to improve the safety of drinking water to household level such as boiling have had lee impact in the urban poor. charge 7.C of the Millennium Development Goal 7 aimed at halving the proportion of tidy sum without access to improved sources of water. Although this has been achieved 1111, our findings have reavealed threats to the health benefits of that achievement since even with access to these safe sources, re-contamination an occur at household level. The incident that drinking water in developing countries requires subsequent storage after boiling still poses a risk on the microbiological quality of drinking water out-of-pocket to unsanitary handling in households.We also observed that close to a quarter of water taps sampled were contaminated with other indicator bacteria. This emphasizes the fact that even piped water can be potentially contaminated during dissemination 121312. Total coliforms are present in both fecal and non-fecal environments hence are not useful as an index of fecal pathogens. However, there presence can be used to assess the cleanliness and integrity of distri furtherion systems, potential presence of biofilms and as indicators of contamination through ingress of alien material, including soil or plants. Detection of total coliform in the distribution system, but absent in water leaving the treatment plant is declarative mood of a likelihood of bacterial regrowth or post-treatment contamination 13,6.Our data showed that all the 2 open wells sampled were heavily contaminated. One of the wells was located close to a kraal. Rains often wash off disposed excreta into open wells which may also have also contributed to the intemperate contamination of these open wells with fecal matter. This is in agreement with results of mickle of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar 14Our study however did not infer the cause of the contamination at househo ld level neither did it isolate contaminants. Nevertheless, the analytical method we used separate Escherichia coli, an indicator organism of choice for faecal pollution 6In conclusion, our results show that health benefits of providing access to improved water sources to communities can be threatened by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the sources of recontamination of clean water at household level need to be strengthened. Continued education pertaining good household sanitary practices urgently requires re- addressing.ReferencesWHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva WHO. coupled Nations, 2003. Statement by Secretary General Koffi Annan. unite Nations.UBOS ICF International, 2012. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kampala Uganda Bureau of Statistics.WHO, 2010. Water for health WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed.Monica, C., 2006. zone Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. 2nd ed. peeled York Cambridge University Press.WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva WHO.Brick, T. et al., 2004. Water contamination in urban atomic number 16 India household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg butt against Health., 5(207), pp.473-80.Clasen, T. Bastable, A., 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health, 3(1), pp.Sep1(3)109-15.Eshcol, J., Mahapatra, P. Keshapagu , S., 2009. Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India. J Water Health, 1(7), pp.145-54.Wright, J., Gundry, S. Conroy, R., 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health, 1(9), pp.10 6-17.United Nations, 2013. We can End Poverty. Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015. Online Available at http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml Accessed 18 January 2014.Hunter, P.R., Chalmers, R.M., Hughes, S. Syed, Q., 2005. Self-reported diarrhea in a control group a strong association with reporting of low-pressure events in tap water. clinical Infect. Dis. , (40), p.e32e34.NHMRC, 2003. Review of Coliforms as Microbial Indicators of Drinking Water Safety. In Melita, S., Nicholas, David, C., eds. testimony to changethe use of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. Camberra, 2003. Biotext Pty Ltd.Mengesha , A., Mamo, W. Baye, G., 2004. A retrospect of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar. Ethiop.J.Health Dev., 18(II), pp.112-15.